The Hopkins Touch byDavil L. Roll : Harry Hopkins and forging the alliance to defeat Hitler 2013, 409pg

Touch of Harry refers to Shakespeare's Henry V on the night before the 1415  Battle of Agincourt, the disguised king walked amongst the soldier to enlist their trust.

This has information, including documents from the former Soviet archives.   FDR's selection of Harry Hopkins as his closest adviser. shared the knack of attracting talent to their administrations.

Hopkins was involved in the New Deal and already worked with Roosevelt for many years.

He was born in Sioux City Iowa and graduated in1912.  In 1913 married Ethel Gross of Hungarian Jewish origin. He worked for AICP in social work. Here he discover that most people would prefer a decent job to living on the dole. Later based in New Orleans he worked for the Red Cross where he was able to attain a National Reputation . In the mid 1920s he helped found the Nation Association of Social Workers.

1931 with 3 children he divorced Ethel and married Barbra Duncan but she died in 1937 leaving him with their daughter Diane.

1931 Roosevelt created TERA The Temporary Emergency Relief Organization, the New Deal was born with and Harry became the head of this. He now worked with Francis Perkins the new Secretary of Labor. 1934 He was sent to Europe to study social system there.

 The Social Security Act was passed in 1935.  Also the Works Progress Administration WPA where Roosevelt named him director.. This constructed roads , schools etc and initiated programs for hot school lunches, day care for children of working women and literacy classes for immigrants. Southerners were enraged that WPA sponsored mixed race programs.

1937 he was diagnosed with Stomach cancer.

Aubrey Williams the future head of the National Youth Administration had been inspired by John Maynard Keynes to increase government spending.

1938 |He joined the cabinet as commerce secretary.. Roosevelt who understood German listened to Hitler's Nuremburg Speech. This resulted Harry being sent by Roosevelt to the West Coast to assess US capacity to build military aircraft. So his education in National Security began, and with Marshall and Roosevelt decided to enlarge this capacity so that the US could supply the UK and France to deal with the German menace. Roosevelt now appointed Marshall Chief of Staff and credited Hopkins for that.

When George VIs and Queen Elizabeth visited the White house Eleonor Roosevelt. introduced them to 6 year old Diane Hopkins who lived there and was looked after especially while her father was in hospital. At this stage both Roosevelt and Hopkins  were living on borrowed time.

1939 Sept 1st Start of WW2. Roosevelt knew that the security of the US was directly linked to Britain's survival.  50 WW1 Destroyers were provided for British bases in the Americas like Bermuda , Newfoundland. Hopkins set up a 7 member advisory commission to organize war production also the Manhattan Project. Congress had banned the sales of military equipment to foreign powers.

Hopkins and Sam Rosenman became  Roosevelts speech writers.

1940 The Blitz 7 Sept till May 1941 began over Britain and more than 500 merchant ship were sent to the bottom. Because of the Neutrality pact  weapons had to be paid for with cash. By the end of the Blitz the British knew the danger of German  invasion was over.

1940 July a military regime  in Japan brought down the civilian government. America restricted sales of high octane aviation fuel and iron scrap  to Japan.

1940 Tripartite pact between Germany , Italy  and Japan.

The Lend Lease program was worked out so countries never had to pay till the war was over. This was supported by 66% of  Americans.  Joe Kennedy the US Ambassador to the Court of St James predicted defeat of Britain. The worlds "arsenal of democracy" were Hopkins words.  So the President sent Hopkins to London to find out about the situation. Churchill was warned to treat Harry as if he were talking to Roosevelt himself. He flew on a Clipper flying boat the largest aircraft of the day and landed at Poole Bay nest to Bournemouth. He reported Britain commitment to fight the war and met Foreign Secretary Antony Eden. He told Churchill that Roosevelt was committed to fighting the Nazis by all means. Both Churchill and Hopkins were impressed with each other. Both Edward Murrow and his wife remained in England . Hopkins reported back that Churchill is trusted by labour .the army, navy , and airforce.  Halifax had been sent to be British Ambassador to Washington so as to get rid of him as he advocated a negotiated peace. By John " Gil" Winant becoming the US Ambassador to London also improved relations between the 2 countries.  Averill Harriman was sent to London to co-ordinate Lend Lease and he later married Pamela Digbe Churchill she had been married to Churchills son Randolf.

 Americas  First Committee founded at Yale was included former President Hoover and Charles  Lindberg led the Isolationists.

1940 Sept Hitler's Operation Sea Lion to invade Britain was indefinitely postponed.  

Hopkins formed a strong bond with Clementina Churchill. Hopkins was invited to have lunch with the king and Queen at Buckingham Palace. 

1941 March House of Representatives passed  the lend lease vote by 260 to 165. This was called an Act to Defend the US and it gave Roosevelt a blank cheque to his discretion. hopkins became the chairman of this committee.Hopkins became a strong friend of General  George Marshal.  Roosevelt had no plans of repealing the neutrality Act.

1941 May The Robin Moor US flagged merchant ship was sunk by a Uboat. This led to the US freezing German funds and closing German embassies.

1941 June Operation Barbarossa attack on USSR by Germany. Thus the US policy of supporting the UK  had paid off  and had turned Hitler to attack Russia. However it meant that Japan could not be attacked by Russia and was stronger against the US.

  Even Senator Harry Truman had said " If we see Germany is winning we must sent help to Russia" Joe Davies who had been US Ambassador in Moscow correctly predicted that British/ French appeasement of Hitler would drive Russia to make a pack with Hitler.

1941 April FDR drew a line in the Atlantic which included Iceland that America Navy would patrol saving the British this obligation.

Within 3 weeks Hopkins began his mission to Moscow to clarify the USSRs most urgent requirements. He discovered that Stalin hypocrisy was breathtaking Stalin saying that Hitler never kept his treaty obligation after Stalin's purges and destruction of Poland. It was only Stalin who had control not any of his subordinates could make a commitments thus he saw the limitations of a totalitarian regime.. They needed anti aircraft weapons immediately.

Japan now realized that with the US supporting Russia at war with Germany it left a Japan had a free hand in the Far East. Molotov was scared Japan might make aggressive moves in Siberia.  Maxim acted as interpreter , he had been foreign minister but Stalin purged all Jews the Ministry of Jews and replaced him with Molotov. Although Hopkins determined that the Russians would fight to the end and not make a seperate peace with the Nazi's

Russia was losing 10 times as many soldiers as the Germans. But Stalin would not negotiate a separate peace with Hitler. Hopkins was convinced that if the Soviets were kept supplied they would beat the Germans. Stalin could see that Hopkins requested nothing in return. The Russians were moving factories beyond the Urals far from German access.

On his return Hopkins had to be given blood transfusions and this was done often as he had had a lot of his gut removed because of cancer.

 1941 August The meeting between U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill on the HMS Prince of Wales in was the Atlantic Charter Conference the foundation of the UN. Thus the US was waging war but dot declaring war. This also presaged the dissolution of the British Empire. This ship was later 1941 Dec. dive bombed by Japanese torpedo and half the British sailors and officers here would die.

1941  August Draft Extension Bill up to a total of 30 months was passed in the House. US navy and planes wee authorised to destroy German submarines. Charles Lindberg the Isolationist was spreading Nazi antisemitism.

1941 August State Dept Dean Acheson refused to grant licences to Japan to buy US oil because they were expanding into French Indochina. Japan now had to look to the Dutch Indies for oil as 95 % of their oil came from the US.

1941 October Reuben James  a US destroyer sunk by a U-boat  with115 crew off Iceland.  A law allowing US merchant ships to be armed was passed in the US

.1941 Oct General Tojo became Japanese PM, ending the civilian government.

1941 December 7 Japanese attack of Pearl Harbour but coordinated with this were attacks on Philippines, Malaya , Hong Kong, Guam, Wake Island and Midway Island. Roosevelt now waited and it was Hitler who declared war on the US and Italy immediately followed suit. Germany never knew of the Japanese attack plans. Hopkins was relieved that Hitler had made the first move. Luckily all 3 Aircraft Carriers of the Pacific Fleet  had been out of port. 56 fighter planes had been destroyed on the Philippines. 

The US agreed to beat Germany first strategy as it was agreed that Germany was the Prime enemy and key to victory.

 That you had to have one man in charge in the entire theatre of air ground and ships.  The CCs was formed the combined Chiefs of Staff which would sit in Washington.  Roosevelt  to try push the Soviets for religious freedom in the Atlantic  Charter as US anti communists wanted this and Maxim Litvinov got Stalin to agree to this.

Seeing that Britain was losing control over the war effort, Churchill set up the Municians Control Board with 2 branches headed by Beaverbrook in London and Hopkins in the US reporting to Roosevelt, so both could control allocations of material. Holding the coalition of the US, UK , and Soviets  together was critical for victory and Hopkins worked on this. This was one of the most successful collaboration in military history and ensured not separate peace by the Soviets. Also the 3 and China became the first dignitaries of the UN Declaration. The big 3 as well as the Admirals and Generals were indebted to him for the flow of  "Arsenal of Democracy."

1941  Christmas Day  garrison in Hong Kong surrender to Japan. 

1942 Feb. 15 Singapore  fell very swiftly. They were worried the Japanese Navy and the German one would link up somewhere in the middle East. 338pg

 Historian have concluded that attacking North Africa in 1942 was the most strategically sensible as the American troops were not yet trained. Had Roosevelt headed Marshall advice to do Overlord then Russia might not have had the chance to control Poland.

While Hopkins was in hospital treasury secretary Henry Morgenthau advised Roosevelt. He was successful in the Bretton Woods conference and the Bank of Reconstruction and Development was set up and later became the world Bank. Morgenthau wanted to see the total dismemberment and de industrialization of Germany. This way he  Britain could replace Germanies industry reducing Germany to an agricultural economy.  Churchill pointed out that a weak Germany would lead to the  USSR dominance of Europe. In the election Harry  Truman won to be vice President. As the President distanced himself to the  Morgenthau Plan he relied on Hopkins more.

Hopkins advise that the Lend Lease should carry on for Britain as they would be bankrupt after the war.

1944 June 4th Rome the first Axis to fall into American hands.

         June 6th D- landings.

1944 August 15 Operation Anvil in Southern France , Hopkins advised to go ahead with this as it divided the German troops.  It was meant to be done during Overlord but they never had landing craft so it was delayed.

The UN would not be effective unless the US could commit its armed forces to where it was immediately needed.  Isiah Berlin was working at the British Embassy in Washington at the time.

1944 October General Mc Arthur had landed in the  Philippines and what was left of the Japanese fleet was destroyed there in the battle of Lingayen Gulf 1945 Jan.

Charles Bohlen had spent years at the US embassy in Moscow and spoke Russian and was an expert on the Soviets. George Kennan was another US Ambassador there. 

The British landed troops in Greece to support the Monarchy against the Greek Communists . Admiral King would not transport supplies to support the embattled British troops but Hopkins convinced King to countermand his order.

1945 to 1949 Greek Civil war       

1945 Feb. The Yalta Conference was Hopkins idea of the big 3 leaders meeting in Crimea. Charles de Gaulle was not invited as "he makes no effort to please." It took place in the 50 room Livadia Palace a home build by Czar Nicholas II in the 1860s The German army had occupied it during their occupation and stripped it of all valuables. Stalin was in the Yusupov Palace the home of a wealthy prince who assassinated Rasputin in 1916. In the Cold War it was claimed that Yalta like Munich of 1938 was a bad instance of appeasing tyrants. Because the Allies got into the war in Europe so late the Soviets had maximum leverage over the fate of Poland and Eastern Europe. Hopkin's room here was a centre of activity as all three delegations stopping to seek his advice. China also lost land to the Soviets.

Later Hopkins met De Gaulle in Paris to improve relations with the French. He sided with Churchill in and de Gaulle on the importance of restoring France, and giving it a seat on the Allied Control Commission that would run occupied Germany. The dismemberment of Germany was consigned to a commission of foreign minister so Stalin never got what he wanted there.

In 1939 Britain had gone to war on the invasion of Poland but the Soviets had already set up a puppet government there as the Lublin Government. The language of the final agreement on Poland was vague, they wanted election in Poland. The Soviets were not offered any form of financial aid at Yalta. Had both Roosevelt and Hopkins been healthy at Yalta would Poland's fate have been different? Averell Harriman knew that Stalin was bound to break any agreement.

Stalin had offered Robert Hopkins the opportunity to be a photographer in the capture of Berlin. He asked his father and Hopkins told him that the Soviets would not let him near the front and would never let him leave the country. This shows Hopkins cynicism and distrust to the Soviets.  Churchill would soon pay a heavy price for  the Polish settlement. Roosevelt conviction that he could personally handle Stalin would be buried with him,

Roosevelt  at Suez met Ibn Saud , King Farouk and Haile Selassie, this upset Churchill as he considered it part of undermining the British Empire. Ibn Saud said they would never allow a Jewish State in Palestine.

A telegram from de Gaulle that he wanted to meet Roosevelt in Algiers on the Presidents way home but was turned down.

1945  April Roosevelt died of cerebral hemorrhage. Everyone could see he was very ill at Yalta.

The 2 Harrys were well acquainted  as Truman had been the Missouri director of federal re-employment in 1933  and wanted Hopkins  to carry on in his role. Hopkins tutored him but felt that the cabinet must resign and Truman must choose his own people. Hopkins felt that only Stimson and Forrestal should carry on as they were dealing with the war.

Truman and Molotov very soon were in conflict. It took Hopkins to explain that the Soviets had lost too much in blood and treasure, to risk another invasion via neutral Poland.  16 Polish underground leaders designated to go to Moscow were arrested. Hopkins was now sent with Harriman  to Moscow to reassure Stalin that Roosevelts policy would continue. The Soviets were recognized as powerful nation, and they wanted a free hand in  Poland. The US got their agreement to launch  the UN. Also to take part in war against Japan. On the way back from Moscow Hopkins plane would be the first civilian plane to touch down in Tempelhof Berlin after VE day. This airport would become the ground  zero of US planes to the cut off US sector in 1948 later in the cold war. The Soviets knew about the Manhattan Project already in 1942. Hopkins was accused of giving the USSR information of this.

1945 April 30 Hitler was dead and Victory in Europe took place on 8th May.

1945 July the Potsdam Conference where Clement Attlee was British PM instead of Churchill with Harry Truman and Stalin.

Hopkins retired and was offered a huge advance to write his memoir.

1945  August 15th Victory in Japan Day.

1946 Hopkins died aged 55 of cirrhosis of the liver.. He was one of the most courageous, self sacrificing people of the war. He knew how to read people and never looked for political advancement. He left an estate in debt especially to his wife Ethel who he owed money to.

Wild Dark Shore by Charlotte Mc Conaghy 320 pg 2025

 

  A literary novel  of  Australia , climate change  and how people cope. 28/10/25

Widower Dominic Salt has lived off the coast of Antarctica on the remote island of Shearwater with his three children — Raff 18, Fen 17 daughter, and Orly 9 — for eight years, serving as caretaker for a small climate/wildlife research station and an old lighthouse. Shearwater also houses the U. N Global Seed Vault.

An injured woman named Rowan arrives, and is pulled out of the sea by Fen. In the 1800s, oilers slaughtered entire seal population and most of its penguins. An island between New Zealand and Antarctica.  Climate fiction  Fen choosing to stay alone in a boathouse as she doesn't get along with his father. Rowen becomes a mother figure to the children.

Rowen came to the island to look for Hank her ex husband, a botanist who was one of the researchers on the island. He had to decide on what species to save of 30 million, how to let biodiversity die in favor of what humans can eat.   All of us humans, decided what to save, and that is ourselves.”

Rowan arrives on the island on a small boat that crashes on the rocks and she survives because Fen is there and saves her, this was the worst stormed they have endured since living on the island . They can't figure out why she came here. Dominic is the father of the family and considers that Rowan is a strong woman to have survived this wild ocean. He doesn't know why she came but doesn't trust her. She is cold and wounded they warm her up with their bodies heat under blankets, and the treat her wounds and stitch her up.

Dominic brought his kids to the island 8 yeas ago and the lighthouse is their home. Dominic as well as the children are still grieving for Clare. The refuse  of the sealers and whalers still remains rusted. The huddle around the heater reading books to each other. They have downloaded movies and school work and music training via distant school in Australia.. This is not a tourist island but ships bring supplies for the scientist. The storm has broken the wind turbines and solar cells are scratched, A few batteries are still working and they still have some diesel. There are 17 little building build over the decades for the scientists. It is a 1km hike to the Seed Vault , which is owned by the United Nations. The management is under the Tasmanian Wild Life Service and Shearwater Island belongs to Australia  Dom came and he needed a job far from where he lived after his wife died. They will finally leave the island in 2 month time. The island is starting  to disappear. Keeping the seeds safe is more important than keeping ourselves safe.

Fen the daughter is very strong swimmer, and swims in a full wet suit  with the seals and penguins she knows the habit of every clan of these animals, the last colony of surviving royal penguins in the world is here.  Later we discover why she prefers being in the boathouse than in the Lighthouse home. We learn a lot about nature dandelions have spread to almost every part of the planet. The island has no shade or trees. There is no modern tech like TV or computers or sound system or phones. 8 years on the island is a very different form of childhood.

Orly spent a lot of time with Hank who taught him all sorts of things about Botany, Dominic felt he should not have let him be with this adult so much.

Rowen tells us that her mother discovered she was dying and travelled all  over the world and then Rowan watched every TV show with her till she died, then Rowan gave away the TV as she had seen enough for a lifetime. Rowan had been terrified of the sea long before she  came on the boat that crashed. They visit the science lab and already their feet are covered with water.

Dominic only discovered that the communication to the outside world  was cut when the last ship left. He can't fix it. Hank was taxonomic botanist the Team leader of the research crew and Rowans husband. Hank had always been a talker and Rowen now can't get used to Dominic who is quiet. Rowen did not want children as she said thing of the carbon footprint. Hank did and this led to a conflict till he went off to the island. Bringing children into an apocalypse is unethical. He felt he was not needed at home if there were not children. Once she lost everything he left her.

Rowan owned a piece of land and build a house on it. Hank Jones was researching the threated species of snow gums, in the Snowy Mountains. He had been a professor of biology at NHY studying how plant adapt to climate change or drought stress and fire. It is not a good idea to fall in love not with people not with places." One day everything is going to burn down or starve" Hanks life was rich but my life was the opposite. She was a skilled carpenter and describes how she put everything into the house including fire sprinklers, fire retardant materials huge tank of water storage but the trees for shade were too close.

 They have 3 inflatable motor boats. Fen and Rowen attempt to get the radio from the crashed ship but can't get it.

Alex had come to study the seal population and how the population had recovered from almost extinction. His older brother Tom was a meteorologist. Alex hung himself and Dom and Raff took him down after that Raff never felt safe.

We had Raff and Fen when we were quite young as we didn't want to waist time

Raff gets rid of his frustration by hitting a punching bag Dom had been a professional boxer till he met Clare he has no temper at all. They have an extensive set of every tool and equipment as they have to be self reliant in isolation. Stilbocarpe polaris a megaherb used by sailors against scurvy.  They put on fridge suits to go into the seed room , their is a pump pumping the water that seeps in but hardly helps. 

The room that Hank worked in stinks of bleach. The Shearwater Carver?

Fresnet lenses these are pieces of glass used to magnify light to give a lighthouse its beam. The old lighthouse keepers had to keep feeding the flame continuously, no matter the weather, with different work shifts and ship's safety was in their hands. The old chimney is opened up to burn sea weed because of lack of electricity.

If Hank had left why were his belonging and passport there. Dominic is a handyman while Rowen is a crafts women.

Raff records whales and the follow them to observe their feeding.    The whale shot out of the water and fell on Raff and sprained his arm now he can't play the violin.

Rowen was one of 4 children raised in a houseboat and neglected. She looked after her baby brother and in a moment of distraction her brother River drowned and she feels responsible. Why have kids if you can't keep them safe.

Fen takes all her mother things and burns them to get her father to move on and forget their mother Claire. Rowan says I know a thing about burning. 

The UN to cut costs only want to save food seeds it is only Orly who understands which seed are important from Hank. They have to move them to the house freezer before they are flooded. Wollemi pines are an example of trees from the times of dinosaurs and they only have 11 seed of it. The baksia plant the seed only germinate when the thick shell is broken by fire, so from beneath the carpet of ash that caused death bursts life. Wombats survive in the underground burrows  through fire, the block the burrow with their bums and get burned or die but save the colony.

Hank was going crazy and he raped Fen but after a month she found she was not pregnant. Hank also tried to hold her head under water but as a good swimmer she managed to deal with this. Hank is put in the hospital where Naija treats  him. This is when the connection is cut off. "Where men go there is harm".

Crazy Hank was kept locked in the vault. Claire's favorite book was Jane Eyre.

The book ends with the icebreaker coming to collect 8 people but Dominic and his 3 children are alive. They take lots of tools and equipment as well as the seeds that are in packets. Just before that island is completely flooded over.

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Macquarie Island research center. In 1997 was declared a world heritage site. It was established as a radio relay station in 1911. Located halfway between Australia and Antarctica. Between 1810 and 1919 seals and penguins were hunted to almost extinction. The boiling pots to get the oil lie rusting there.

Svalbard Global Seed Vault in the Spitzbergen.(Norway and funded by its government. Started in Longyearbyen in 1984 in an abandoned coal mine, this is in permafrost and many gene banks deposit their seeds here. In 2025 there are 1,378,238 seed types saved of 6,521 species.

 

 

Ataturk The Rebirth of a Nation by Patrick Kinross 1964 499p

Ataturk  The Rebirth of a Nation by Patrick Kinross 1964 499p

• Born  in 1881 in Salonika, the area called Rumeli under the Ottomans he was one of 5 children., This was a port with a cosmopolitan population , Turk, Greek, Slav , Vitch , Albanian, Moslems , Christians and Jews.. His mother was a Turkish Moslem, his father was blue eyed perhaps of Slav or Albanian origin and a clerk in the customs office. It is considered that part of his family came from Donmeh these had been Jews who followed the false messiah Shavatai Tsvi and converted to Islam and had remained a district community for years. .
•  Initially his mother insisted he go to a Moslem Clerical School where they sat cross legged on the floor learning to write Arabic calligraphy on their knees. After a few days he got up and refused to sit on the floor. His father took him to a secular school. For High School he had seen the kids in Military Uniform and with the help of a neighbor a soldier wrote the entrance exam and got into the Military High School here he learned military matters , history , economics philosophy, French and he aspired in mathematics .where his teacher gave him the  name Kamel ( perfection) This school was composed of all social classes and you could rise on merit alone. At the station a group of dervishes arrived singing and dancing in their robes , their spirit was affecting the people around them Kamel saw this a privative religious fanatics' and was ashamed of it.
• When he got to Constantinople to do officer training he saw the southern city Stambul was poor Moslems while the north was Pera with wealthy Christians and foreigners who had a hold on the Ottoman Empire and the Turks were no longer masters of their own affairs as the Ottomans were in deep debt from the time of the1854  Crimean War. With his friend Ali Fuad the worked on their French and studied the French literature that was banned in military cadets. Aged 23  in 1902 he graduated with the rank of Captain.  Because the political views of Kemal and a group of friends they were arrested. After they were released they were sent to the peripheral  Provinces.
• As a cavalry officer based in Damascus, they had to control the Druse who had been forced to pay taxes in return for not being conscripted to the army. Kemal discovered that on the pretext of gathering arrears in taxes the troops, looted these villages. When it came to dividing the spoils Kemal said " do you want to be a man of today or tomorrow" The pacification  of the Druse must be sought by skill and diplomacy not by bribery. When he saw singing and dancing he discovered it was Italians working on the Hejaz  railways. In Damascus he felt imprisoned but Beirut with foreigners there was night life. with the support of friends he formed the Fatherland Society with a branch in Jaffa. Later on this became known as the Young Turks. They wanted  to depose the Sultan and liberal constitution and a Turkish nationalist state. 1908  Within 3 months of declaring a constitution Bulgaria declared independence. Austria annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina and Crete joined Greece.
• The Committee found Kemal a nuisance and sent him off to Libya to investigate the situation there. On the way stopping in Sicily children mocked the fez and Kemal decided that he has to away with that. In visiting Bengasi he found that there was a power struggle by the Ottoman authority and a local chief. He arranged to lead the Ottoman troops there on an exercise and after drilling a while took them to surround the chief, who immediately capitulated and gave Kemal what was demanded.
• When Abdul Hamid introduced professional  German soldiers to train the army Kemal as a patriot disliked this even though he appreciated their worth. He said that greatness is deciding what the country need and getting it and not pandering to an applause. He realized that Islam was against democracy.   
• In Libya the Italians had invaded and held all the coastal towns Kemal was sent to see what could be done. He had to arrive secretly on a Russian ship and made his way inland to the Ottoman army in the desert from where he realized they were in an impossible position, could not be supplied, but at this stage he was needed for the Balkan wars. Where Macadonia and Rumelia  had already fallen and his mother had already fled from Salonica.

The Turkish army was regenerated by the Germans with the result that Turkey joined WW1 on Germany's side, making her a German satellite. With WW! the German Colonel von Cress led Turkish troops to cross the Suez Canal and were badly beaten back by the British who were prepared for this was a warning to the British.

Gallipoli Notes here

The Hero of Gallipoli was back and again there Government wanted to send him away and so he was sent to accompany the Crown Prince and his brother on a tour of Germany. This gave him a chance to tell them his views . He was able to have long discussions with van Ludendorff and von Hindenburg. He was taken on a conducted tour of the Western front but figured out the truth. Later back home when he met friends he told them that Germany had lost the war and urged Constantinople to sign a separate peace.

He was sent  to Palestine and arriving there realized the war there was lost in advance the best troops had been sent by the Germans to the Caucasus. All that was left for him to do was organize an orderly retreat and get the troop to Aleppo.

The Ottomans were an Empire no longer the Balkan Wars had deprived them of European territory. Now they  had lost the Arab province. Kemal  was not really against this as it brought closer the development of the Turkish Nation

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End

• By the time of Ataturk's death Turkey had a new alphabet, new civil code, universal suffrage, a new state religion, and secularism to go along with Islam.
• The last political act he did was getting the French to succeed the Hatay region from French Syria to Turkey He died on 10 November 1938 at Dolmabahçe Palace in Istanbul aged 57. he died of cirrhosis of the liver. This was 15 years after he had declared the Turkish Republic  in 1923 Oct 29th. He was succeeded by his long time PM İsmet İnönü.
• During WW2 Turkey remained neutral thus blocking Germanys access to the Arab oil world and Allied aid reaching the Soviet Union via the Bosporus
• The Turks were the only one of the Central Powers able to overturn immediately the vindictive settlements imposed by the Allies following World War I. Because Turkish resistance ultimately was led to success by Mustafa Kemal, it long has been assumed that he created it as well. He did, indeed, do more than anyone else to create the Turkish Republic on the ruins of the Ottoman Empire, but he accomplished this by bringing together elements of resistance that had already emerged. He coordinated their efforts, expressed their goals, personified their ambitions, and led them to victory.

Turkish war of Independance .The National Resistance Forces

Resistance appeared from the first days of the occupation while Mustafa Kemal still was in Cilicia. It came initially from within the Istanbul government itself, where many of the officials organized the secret Outpost Society (Karakol Cemiyeti) shortly after the armistice and used their positions to thwart the Allied demands as well as to send arms and ammunition to Anatolia. Small boats were loaded in the capital in the cover of darkness and sent out into the Aegean and the Black Sea to deliver their valuable cargoes. There is considerable evidence that Talat Paşa himself stimulated the first resistance movements in Thrace before fleeing the country and that resistance in Istanbul was organized within the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. When Mustafa Kemal, Kâzim Karabekir, and other leading officers returned to Istanbul to protest the demobilization orders, they were warmly received by the sultan and others and appointed to important positions in the areas remaining under direct Ottoman authority, where they could lead opposition almost under the noses of the Allies.

• Comparing Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and Lee Kuan Yew of Singepore — two of the most transformative leaders of the 20th century — reveals striking parallels and fundamental differences. Both were nation-builders who shaped their countries through strong leadership, visionary reforms, and a focus on modernization, but they did so in very different historical, cultural, and geopolitical contexts.

With the Zionists in Gallipoli: 1916 by J H Patterson 162pg

A Zionist Volunteer's Tale of Valor and Sacrifice 14/10/25

Given the high degree of anti-Semitism then prevalent in Britain's officer class - highly critical of his fellow officers for discriminating against the Judeans, and other Jewish settlers in Palestine. This book is a rare insight into a remarkable episode in Anglo-Jewish history. Patterson had traipsed over many battlefields in Europe also Asia.  In Spain he felt that the army had a manana attitude, he was not surprised that they crumbled before the Americans in Cuba. Patterson had, had military experience in the UK , India and the Boer War, Kings African Rifles in Kenya , Uganda. He had toured the States and found Virginia interesting as the great battles of the Civil War had been fought there. Here he was given this position to be a "mere muleteer," even though he knew little about mules. Set against the background of the 1917 Balfour Declaration, which pledged British support for establishing a homeland for the Jewish people in Palestine,  He wrote this book in the interest of the Hebrew Nation and what they were capable of under the command of an alien in race and religion.  The sons of  Israel in the days of the Maccabees had for a time successfully fought for Jerusalem from the grasp of the Seleucid king Antiochus, Greek culture.

Some have the opinion that the expedition to the Dardanelles was in itself unsound and should never been undertaken. Britain had declared war on Turkey and  Turkey had allowed the German ships Goeben and Breslau the freedom of her waters.   *Had this campaign been successful it would have opened immense possibilities. Weapons would have streamed into Russia and wheat brought out for allies. A strong British hand in the Near East would have resulted in Balkan states not to link their fortune to the enemy. Bulgaria would have remained neutral and Greece and Romania would have fought for the Allies ?*

1683 Remember that John Sobliesky defeated the Ottomans in the Battle of Vienna the furthest the reached into Europe..

Germany got her wheat supply from Romania, copper from Serbia, cotton fats and other vital products from Turkey.

The Turks had ample warning to make the Gallipoli Peninsula almost impregnable. This was the key to the Dardanelles.  Instead of dividing the force into 9 different parts of the peninsula the British  should have brought all the force onto the area later called  the ANZAC to seize  the Sari Bair heights. When they initially landed with cool weather their was no difficulty of water which by the heat of August became an acute problem.

 In Egypt, John Maxwell the Commander-in -chief  was looking for a suitable officer to command this Jewish unit. Many hundreds of  people had fled Palestine to escape the wrath of the Turks when WW1 began and came to Egypt. People of Russian nationality but of Jewish faith. March 1915 Patterson was appointed to the job and the Corp had the blessing of the Grand Rabbi of Alexandria Professor Rahpael della Pergola. They also received a telegram of support from Israel Zangwill (1864 to 1926 a leading British writer). The troops were sworn in at the refugee Camp of Gabari near Alexandria. (Note 1882: British forces invaded Egypt after a nationalist uprising and occupied the country to secure British financial interests and strategic control of the Suez Canal.)

The Corp would be roughly 500 men with 20 riding horses for officers and 750 mules for transport work. They had 5 British officers and 8 Jewish officers. Captain Trumpeldor had been a hero in the Russian army in the siege of Port Arthur, where he had lost his right arm and received the Order of George in gold from the Tzar. Dr. Levontin was appointed chief surgeon and was to form the medical unit. Some of the drilling was done using Hebrew words. The men were armed with rifles bayonets and ammunition, captured from the Turks when the made a futile assault on the Suez Canal.  Initially the Jewish leaders were upset as the wanted combat positions but Trumpeldor who was a hardened soldier understood that anyone no matter what you do on the battlefront is in combat.

Horse and mules had to be fed and watered 3 times a day and men had to be trained to saddle and unsaddle, load and unload the packs. General Ian Hamilton was the Commander in Chief of the Mediterranean came for an inspection a few days before they embarked. An Alexandria firm was ordered to make thousand of Kerosene oil cans to transport water and wooden frames were ordered to fit the pack saddles each mule would carry 4 of these full cans of water. The mules were to carry ammunition, food and supplies to the men on the firing line. They never lost  one mule to sickness on Gallipoli. The location of battle was in sight of the plains of Troy where Homer immortalized the Greek battles. It took 3 days to disembark their supplies ,due to lack of tugs, and they had to guard the gear as it came on shore. Much of the work of delivering the supplies was done in darkness. Each mule could carry about 2000 cartridges. Muleteers were always helping fallen mules and readjusting their loads. The food was boxes of tinned beef , cheese biscuits and jam.

 Amongst the French there was  a Battalion of Zouaves originally from North Africa and kept their unique dress, and also Senegalese. They had to level land to make a camp and found a well under demolished house and were worried it was poisoned so got a Turkish prisoner to drink it first. The  water was suitable for both mules and people to drink. For fuel the used the packaging cases.

A  French  sentry stopped one of the muleteers and found he spoke no understandable language and decided he was a spy (he spoke only Russian and Hebrew)also he had a Turkish rifle, bayonet and cartridges and they were about to execute him but the sergeant in charge saw this and spoke an excellent French and saved him. After that Patterson made sure that if his soldiers could who not speak English they must never go out of the camp unless accompanied by an interpreter.

Some 40 mules relieved of their loads when Turks began to bombarded. The mules broke loose and galloped off into the darkness. Unbeknown to them Turks were creeping up to ambush the camp and they thought this was a cavalry charge against them and began shooting. Our troops immediately opened fire on the Turks  In case of an attack some mules  always kept saddles in relays. On several occasions the Zion troops jumped into trenches and helped firing back at an attack.

The German Taube a monoplane used for reconnaissance and looked like a dove and kept flying over.  

German submarines came and battleships Goliath and Triumph were sunk. So transport suddenly disappeared. When a battle  succeeded the sandbags captured were taken forward to the next defense line. Food was cooked far to the rear of the front and had to be carried forward and divided between men and flies. Neither side used poison gas or liquid fire.

The Turks held impregnable positions and the allies  were never strong enough to mount a serious offensive, or had guns and ammunition to do a devastating bombardment. A quick firing gun is of little use if you don't have piles of ammunition to feed it. They had the same pestilence that Homer describes when the Grecian army camped around Troy. There were rotting Turk corpses unburied in front of the trenches with flies. 

The British could fight successful battles when the wind carried dust into the faces of the Turks. Amongst those captured were German sailors who ran out of ammunition. In hot dry weather the shells caused the gorse to catch alight but our men had taken a precaution of cutting the gorse down near the trenches.

When one of the Zion Corp soldiers was killed his comrades always made sure to bring the body back and the whole Corp attended the funeral. 

By July they needed more troops in the Corp and Patterson went to Egypt where he got the full support of the Jewish world. In Cairo 150 Jewish recruits were obtained and these were known as the Cairo Corp. The ship that they returned to the Bosporus was loaded with 1100 passengers but only had boats for 700 so they waited for more boats as they were going to be in submarine infested waters.

When round the campfires relaxing, or concerts given the Corp sang songs in English , French, Russian , Hebrew and Arabic. he considered the Jews as the most musical nation not the Germans.

 In Cairo was a Red Crescent hospital there that treated Turkish wounded. there was a young Turkish officer who was the son of Djemal Pasha one of the 3 military leader during WW1.

The Australians may have lacked military discipline but made up for it by fearlessness.. Amongst the Australian he met a doctor Colonel Ryan who had served the Turks as a surgeon against Russia and was in the siege of Plevna. 1877-78.

No new troops were to be sent to Gallipoli so it was best to get out quickly before the Turks got new ammunitions and reinforcements from Germany and Bulgaria. The position there was impossible and with winter approaching the losses from sickness and exposure would have been enormous. The failure had not been altogether fruitless as it had destroyed a significant Turkish army. Envar Pashas push in the Caucuses would have crushed the Russians. The city of Erzurum a stronghold. 

In this campaign Entente losses 44,000 deaths and 250,000 wounded.

                            Ottoman losses 87,000 deaths and 250,000 wounded. Thus a large number Turks removed from battle.

Ataturk War, Either Independence of Death by Muge Sozen 2025 200pg

 Mustafa Kemal Atatürk Time Line

1881 born  Mustafa   born in Salonica Greece.

1878 Abdul Hamid II  

1893 Enter Military Preparatory School in Salonica

1899 Enter Officers Training Collage in Istambul

1905 Passes out as Staff Captain aged 23 Posted to 5th Army in Damascus revives a secret opposition group 

1908 Young Turk Revolution.

         Bulgarian Independence King Ferdinand ruled 

 1909 Mehmet V  on Abdul Hamed II being deposed.

1911 Promoted to Major

1911/1912 Italo Turkish War

1913 Mustafa Kemal promoted Lieutenant-Colonel.

1913/ 1922 Armenian Genocide

1914 Ottoman German Alliance signed

1915 Gallipoli British try to invade 

1915 Sinking of the Lusitania 

1916 Gallipoli  British withdraw defeated making Mustafa  Kamal a hero.

1917  April US declared war on Germany as a result of the Zimmerman telegram.

1918  Mehmed VI (Vehid-ed-din)

1918,October 30,  aboard the British battleship Agamemnon, Turkey capitulated.

 1918,November 11, at 11:00 AM fighting of World War I ended with the signing of an armistice.

1919 Britain , France, Italy Greece began occupying Turkey. Greece in Izmeer. 

1920 Treaty of Serves with the Sultan agreed to conquered  Turkey being under the Allies for 5 years.

1921 Kamel  Appointed Commander - in - Chief by the Grand National Assembly.

1921 Battle of Sakarya, was the biggest battle against Greece that turned the tide in Turkeys favour.

1922  Mehmed VI  deposed in 1924 and went into exile.

1922 The Grand National Assembly abolish the Sultanate and ruled from Ankara

1923 Treaty of Lausanne. Defined Turkeys borders and was the final treaty of WW1 

1923 Oct 29thThe Turkish republic proclaimed and Kamal elected as President.

1928 Turkish changed from Arabic to Latin script.

1934 Kamal granted the name Ataturk (father of the nation) by the Grand National Assembly

1938 Death of Ataturk.Dolmabahçe Palace in Istanbul aged 57 of  cirrhosis of the liver. 

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• Italo Turkish War.1911-1912
• Italy obtained unity in 1871 and by 1811 wanted to reconstitute the Roman Empire. France had taken Morocco Algeria and Tunisia while the British were in Egypt. Italy was worried she would lose her opportunity. First Italian merchant and settlers were  encouraged to move to Tunisia and trade, to avoid conflict the Ottomans gave them permission to do this. In 1911 the Italian PM sent 25,000 troops to invade and the quickly took over the coastal towns. The Ottoman and tribal Arabs joined forces against the Italians.
• This was the first time aircraft was used in both recognizance and bombing. The Turks were split between those who supported the Sultan and the Revolutionary  Committee of Progress. This was when the Italians took the Dodecanese Islands and Rhodes and 13 islands in the Aegean to stop Ottoman ship helping Libya and attacked the Ottoman fleet in the Dardanelles.
• Mustafa Kemal  arrived there on a Russian ship as a tourist and fought in the battles of Derma and Tobruk.  His masterful leadership and organization earned him the respect of his comrades and cemented his reputation as a capable officer ready for WW1  ceded its North African territories of Tripoli and Cyrenaica to Italy in  The Treaty of Lausanne 1912 Libya was declared Independent by the Ottomans. Then Italy could declare it a colony. More Italian soldiers died of dysentery than battle. This was one of the many sparks causing WW1 later.
• The Ottomans had to take their officers to deal with the Balkan wars and Mustafa Kemal was needed there. This was the end of the Ottomans in North Africa

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1919 - 1922 Greek Turkish War
 Greece, with the backing of the Entente Powers Greek invasion of Izmir  Immediately resulted in Turkish guerilla attacking  and spurred the formation of the Turkish National Movement, led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. Hundred of Turks' were killed but the Greeks failed to get control. which unified resistance against the occupation and the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire. The allies supported 5 year occupation of Anatolia by the Greeks and for the Turks to pay reparation.
1920Treaty of Sevres The British declared the Dardanelles  to be an international Waterway.
This treaty caused more Turks to rally to Mustafa's cause. In any case the allies could not impose this treaty by force. The Greeks were hoping the British would send them support troop which didn't happen.
In the Kamal also drove the Armenians back with great loss of life and drove them to territory of the former Russian Empire.
1920 King Konstantin returned from Exile. The was a split in the Greek government and they were losing in Anatolia and also not getting less allied support. Meanwhile the Turks were getting stronger and in Ankara formed a new constitution, condemned the Sultan in Istanbul signed a treaty with Bolshevik Russia and got weapon shipments.  Even observer Arnold Toymbee realized the Greeks had no chance.
The Greeks got to 50 km of Ankara but outran their supplies, also they could not advance into the soft marshy terrain. Then retreating were attacked by the Turks. The month long battle of Sakkara ended with the Greeks looking for a diplomatic solution. 
1921 The Ankara Treaty the French signed with Turkey. This legitimized Kamal's government and cancelled the Treaty of Serves. This meant that Kamal's southern front was freed up and he captured many French weapons. Allied support for Greece was ending.
Another agreement was signed with the Soviets and the Turks were getting stronger while the Greeks weaker.  The Turks staged an organized attack adn the Greek army disintegrated.
The Turks closed in on Smyrna and the city was burned. Europeans fled to some of the British ships .
The Asia Minor Catastrophe caused the fall of the Greek government  by a coup of Generals and the King abdicated.
An armistice was signed giving the Greeks 2 weeks to leave Thrace 1.2 million Turks had fled from Turkey by the end of 1922.
1923 The Lausanne treaty Established the borders of the modern Turkish Republic, recognition of Turkish  sovereignty,, demilitarization of the Aegean islands. Freedom of the Turkish Straits for international shipping.  It recognized the compulsory population exchanged of over a million Greeks from Turkey and thus forced 400, 000 Moslems to leave Greece.
 ( it set a dangerous precedent by using ethnic cleansing as a tool for "peace". )
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The Franco Turkish War
1920 Treaty of Sèvres.had divided the Ottoman Empire it was signed  with the Sultan in Constantinople
In South Eastern Turkey via the Sykes Picot Agreement between the British and French the Ottoman Empire was divided up.  Armenians refugees  who had fled the Genocide as many as 110,000 now returned to their homes which had been either destroyed or taken over by others. Initially only 4000 French troops had arrived, but this force was much too small. They used the Armenians as a police force and they started taking revenge on the local Turks till the French disbanded them. 
These were in areas that the Turks  considered part of Turkey proper. Initially Turkish guerilla began to work but later regular Turkish troops arrived and they started killing the Armenians. Another 12,000 French troops arrived. By the end of the war the French had lost 5000 troops.
This war was costing France far too much and  Aristide Briand negotiated a the Treaty of Ankara with Kemal Ataturk. This recognized French control of Syria and Lebanon. This was a separate peace treaty without the British., the first to recognize the Nationalist Turkish government. France was also offered good trade agreements with Turkey.
From Cilicia the Armenian fled and were evacuated on ships some heading to France, Egypt other to French Syria.
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 Ataturk War, Either Independence of Death by Muge Sozen 2025 200pg    2/11/25
Istanbul was occupied by British , French , Greek , and Italian troops after Turkey had capitulated from WW1
Franchet d Esperey the French General marched in on horseback had offended the population. Disrespect was shown to mosques and the arrogant attitude of the occupying soldiers soldiers to trying to suppress. Non Moslems were getting the better roles and the population were scared and hungry. Plus dozens of foreign ships were in the Bosporus. Ataturk said "as they came so shall they leave.  "
1919 Greeks  to invade Izmir. The local  society for the Rejection of Annexation sprung up under Maci Hasan Pasha. They needed to raise awareness amongst the local people, to raise a spirit of resistance amongst the people with writing and speeches. Kamal Pasha was sent from Istanbul to lead the 9th army in Anatolia to prevent a conflict between Turks and Greeks, to prevent the resistance that was feared. He arrived at the coastal town of Samsun. However he rejected the surrender  policies of Istanbul. Greek gangs were attacking Turkish villages. Turkish women brought food and offered a roof for the Kamal and entourage.
Never hesitate to take step that will determine the fate of the nation. This was supported by Amasya Mufti and the town of Amasya cheered him "Long Live the Pasha" This town's architecture went back to the  glory of the Seljuk Turks  and the Amasya Circular was published and circulated. In Erzurum the Society of the Defence of Rights united  with the Trabzon Society. You also had people fleeing to here from occupied cities of Anatolia as well as regions controlled by the Istanbul government.  Remember the Seljuk Turks. Also the 9th Corps was Kamel to serve. Our fate is not in the hands of the few people in Istanbul, we as a nation will determine our destiny. They realized how weak the Istanbul government was, that it signed a treaty that they did not recognize.  
In Ezurum they brought out the Ezurum Congress manifesto. against all forms of foreign occupation or intervention. They moved on to Sivas and eventually got to Ankara that would be the control centre of the fight. Ankara was chosen as it was the heart of Anatolia far from the clutches of occupying powers and a main railway hub. The support came from farmers , teachers, all who could as well as old professional soldiers. They started a National Assembly to bring about a national economy, and began to lay down a constitution that would lay the foundation of the Turkish State. 
Kemal now gave instructions for the reorganization of the army and the arming of the people. He gave a speech "Gird your loins and be ready to defend the homeland."  He sent out telegrams to local administrations to mobilize everyone.  At Kars on the Armenian attacks, and refugees who fled from there came to Anatolia. Turkish forces, under General Kâzım Karabekir, aimed to "eliminate Armenia physically and politically". The conflict led to the permanent expulsion of many ethnic Armenians from the region,  In the South the French had occupied and they experience resistance in Antep, Moras and Adana. People brought out rifles inherited from grand parent and started laying barricades in the streets, they cut enemy lines and seized their ammunition. The news of this uprising in the south was in secret press in Istanbul  and radio broadcasts, and was very encouraging.
The Organizational Law was drawn up and this was on a basis of democracy. Everyone was doing something to aid the war effort and women took part in supplies of food, carrying bullet as nursing the wounded, and raising the public morale.
  Inonu was the first major Greek attack , an army superior in numbers and weapons. Ismet Pasha led the Turkish forces and this victory gave hope as the Greeks retreated in disarray.
Kutahya Eskisgehir this battle was a defeat for the Turks. The Greek army had a numerical superiority
 The Kamal decided on a strategic retreat to take a stand at Sakarya. Here on the bends of the Sakarya river, the army was extremely well dug in and this would be the last fortress. The Greeks were gung ho because of their success of the previous battle. Sakarya was the great offensive that Kemal had planned and lasted 22 nights by which time the Greek army was in a state of disarray and forced to retreat. A further victory at Kocatepe. The at Dumlupinar the Turks managed to encircle and cut the retreat of the Greeks.
Izmir the victorious troop arrived to be welcomed as liberators however the city  was burning. Smoke from the Armenian quarter spread throughout the city. The non-Muslim population were escaping on Greek ships, many listing from being overloaded. The fire was out of control and the army tried to bring the flames under control. Foreign ships were also entering to rescue the population, in particular French and British.
1922 Oct. In Mudanya negations took place leading to the Armistice of Mudanya. General Harrington represented the British, with French General Charpy and Italian General Mombelli and Ismet Pasha for Turkey. The Greeks had to withdraw and led to the wars end.
1922,November 1,  when the Grand National Assembly of Turkey abolished the monarchy. The last sultan, Mehmed VI, left Istanbul
1923 July 24th Treaty of Lausanne Switzerland confirmed the above with British Lord Curzon, French Barrere and Italian Montagna with Ismet Pasha. Issues like borders, minority rights and debts had to be finalized.
Sovereignty rests unconditionally with the nation by this stage the Sultan had no part to play in Istanbul. The Entarte nations with drew the occupation from the Bosporus in return for shipping guarantees.




Mons ANZAC and Kut by an MP  by Aubrey Herbert   1919 170pg.  1/10/25
Book Dedicated to Lord Robert Cecil an architect of the League of Nations and won a Nobel Prize in 1937 for his tireless efforts in support of the League of Nations, disarmament and peace.
The author was a interpreter and writer ,who spoke English, French, Italian, German, Turkish, Arabic, Greek, and Albanian. His extensive travels and diplomatic postings helped him become fluent in these languages, particularly those of the Middle East and the Balkans.  Started in WW1 in France then in Egypt as an intelligence  officer and ended up seeing the siege of Kut Al Amara (7 December 1915 – 29 April 1916), also known as the first battle of Kut, was the besieging of an 8,000-strong British-Indian Army garrison in the town of Kut, 160 km (100 mi) south of Baghdad, by the Ottoman Army.
1915 In France wherever they saw airplanes troops always shot at them not knowing if friend or foe.
General Sir Maxwell commanded the troops in Egypt. Rupert Brooke had been in Egypt and later died in the Greek island of Skyros of blood poisoning of a mosquito bite aged 27.  . Prince Hussein had been proclaimed Sultan of Egypt, died in 1917 and was succeeded by  Fuad who changed his title to King, when Britain formally recognized Egypt's independence in 1922.
At Gallipoli the Australians  under General Monash landed first, the British 29th then landed at Hellas this included Indian troops, and later the French landed in Asia near Troy. The New Zealanders had the dash and élan of the Australians but the discipline of the Englishmen. The Zion Mule Corp under Colonel Patterson of lion hunting fame. Greeks and Armenians were conscripts who hated their masters. Some Greeks were deserters and the fact that a man spoke Turkish did no make him a Turk
This book covers life in the trenches at the start of WW1 , then like in the Battle of Gallipoli too detailed not enough history,