Notes on Ataturk

 Mustafa Kemal Atatürk Time Line

1881 born  Mustafa   born in Salonica Greece.

1878 Abdul Hamid II  

1893 Enter Military Preparatory School in Salonica

1899 Enter Officers Training Collage in Istambul

1905 Passes out as Staff Captain aged 23 Posted to 5th Army in Damascus revives a secret opposition group 

1908 Young Turk Revolution.

         Bulgarian Independence King Ferdinand ruled 

 1909 Mehmet V  on Abdul Hamed II being deposed.

1911 Promoted to Major

1911/1912 Italo Turkish War

1913 Mustafa Kemal promoted Lieutenant-Colonel.

1913/ 1922 Armenian Genocide

1914 Ottoman German Alliance signed

1915 Gallipoli British try to invade 

1915 Sinking of the Lusitania 

1916 Gallipoli  British withdraw defeated making Mustafa  Kamal a hero.

1917  April US declared war on Germany as a result of the Zimmerman telegram.

1918  Mehmed VI (Vehid-ed-din)

1918,October 30,  aboard the British battleship Agamemnon, Turkey capitulated.

 1918,November 11, at 11:00 AM fighting of World War I ended with the signing of an armistice.

1919 Britain , France, Italy Greece began occupying Turkey. Greece in Izmeer. 

1920 Treaty of Serves with the Sultan agreed to conquered  Turkey being under the Allies for 5 years.

1921 Kamel  Appointed Commander - in - Chief by the Grand National Assembly.

1921 Battle of Sakarya, was the biggest battle against Greece that turned the tide in Turkeys favour.

1922  Mehmed VI  deposed in 1924 and went into exile.

1922 The Grand National Assembly abolish the Sultanate and ruled from Ankara

1923 Treaty of Lausanne. Defined Turkeys borders and was the final treaty of WW1 

1923 Oct 29thThe Turkish republic proclaimed and Kamal elected as President.

1928 Turkish changed from Arabic to Latin script.

1934 Kamal granted the name Ataturk (father of the nation) by the Grand National Assembly

1938 Death of Ataturk.Dolmabahçe Palace in Istanbul aged 57 of  cirrhosis of the liver. 

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• Italo Turkish War.1911-1912
• Italy obtained unity in 1871 and by 1811 wanted to reconstitute the Roman Empire. France had taken Morocco Algeria and Tunisia while the British were in Egypt. Italy was worried she would lose her opportunity. First Italian merchant and settlers were  encouraged to move to Tunisia and trade, to avoid conflict the Ottomans gave them permission to do this. In 1911 the Italian PM sent 25,000 troops to invade and the quickly took over the coastal towns. The Ottoman and tribal Arabs joined forces against the Italians.
• This was the first time aircraft was used in both recognizance and bombing. The Turks were split between those who supported the Sultan and the Revolutionary  Committee of Progress. This was when the Italians took the Dodecanese Islands and Rhodes and 13 islands in the Aegean to stop Ottoman ship helping Libya and attacked the Ottoman fleet in the Dardanelles.
• Mustafa Kemal  arrived there on a Russian ship as a tourist and fought in the battles of Derma and Tobruk.  His masterful leadership and organization earned him the respect of his comrades and cemented his reputation as a capable officer ready for WW1  ceded its North African territories of Tripoli and Cyrenaica to Italy in  The Treaty of Lausanne 1912 Libya was declared Independent by the Ottomans. Then Italy could declare it a colony. More Italian soldiers died of dysentery than battle. This was one of the many sparks causing WW1 later.
• The Ottomans had to take their officers to deal with the Balkan wars and Mustafa Kemal was needed there. This was the end of the Ottomans in North Africa

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1919 - 1922 Greek Turkish War
 Greece, with the backing of the Entente Powers Greek invasion of Izmir  Immediately resulted in Turkish guerilla attacking  and spurred the formation of the Turkish National Movement, led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. Hundred of Turks' were killed but the Greeks failed to get control. which unified resistance against the occupation and the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire. The allies supported 5 year occupation of Anatolia by the Greeks and for the Turks to pay reparation.
1920Treaty of Sevres The British declared the Dardanelles  to be an international Waterway.
This treaty caused more Turks to rally to Mustafa's cause. In any case the allies could not impose this treaty by force. The Greeks were hoping the British would send them support troop which didn't happen.
In the Kamal also drove the Armenians back with great loss of life and drove them to territory of the former Russian Empire.
1920 King Konstantin returned from Exile. The was a split in the Greek government and they were losing in Anatolia and also not getting less allied support. Meanwhile the Turks were getting stronger and in Ankara formed a new constitution, condemned the Sultan in Istanbul signed a treaty with Bolshevik Russia and got weapon shipments.  Even observer Arnold Toymbee realized the Greeks had no chance.
The Greeks got to 50 km of Ankara but outran their supplies, also they could not advance into the soft marshy terrain. Then retreating were attacked by the Turks. The month long battle of Sakkara ended with the Greeks looking for a diplomatic solution. 
1921 The Ankara Treaty the French signed with Turkey. This legitimized Kamal's government and cancelled the Treaty of Serves. This meant that Kamal's southern front was freed up and he captured many French weapons. Allied support for Greece was ending.
Another agreement was signed with the Soviets and the Turks were getting stronger while the Greeks weaker.  The Turks staged an organized attack adn the Greek army disintegrated.
The Turks closed in on Smyrna and the city was burned. Europeans fled to some of the British ships .
The Asia Minor Catastrophe caused the fall of the Greek government  by a coup of Generals and the King abdicated.
An armistice was signed giving the Greeks 2 weeks to leave Thrace 1.2 million Turks had fled from Turkey by the end of 1922.
1923 The Lausanne treaty Established the borders of the modern Turkish Republic, recognition of Turkish  sovereignty,, demilitarization of the Aegean islands. Freedom of the Turkish Straits for international shipping.  It recognized the compulsory population exchanged of over a million Greeks from Turkey and thus forced 400, 000 Moslems to leave Greece.
 ( it set a dangerous precedent by using ethnic cleansing as a tool for "peace". )
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The Franco Turkish War
1920 Treaty of Sèvres.had divided the Ottoman Empire it was signed  with the Sultan in Constantinople
In South Eastern Turkey via the Sykes Picot Agreement between the British and French the Ottoman Empire was divided up.  Armenians refugees  who had fled the Genocide as many as 110,000 now returned to their homes which had been either destroyed or taken over by others. Initially only 4000 French troops had arrived, but this force was much too small. They used the Armenians as a police force and they started taking revenge on the local Turks till the French disbanded them. 
These were in areas that the Turks  considered part of Turkey proper. Initially Turkish guerilla began to work but later regular Turkish troops arrived and they started killing the Armenians. Another 12,000 French troops arrived. By the end of the war the French had lost 5000 troops.
This war was costing France far too much and  Aristide Briand negotiated a the Treaty of Ankara with Kemal Ataturk. This recognized French control of Syria and Lebanon. This was a separate peace treaty without the British., the first to recognize the Nationalist Turkish government. France was also offered good trade agreements with Turkey.
From Cilicia the Armenian fled and were evacuated on ships some heading to France, Egypt other to French Syria.
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 Ataturk War Either Independence of Death by Muge Sozen 2025 200pg    2/11/25
Istanbul was occupied by British , French , Greek , and Italian troops after Turkey had capitulated from WW1
Franchet d Esperey the French General marched in on horseback had offended the population. Disrespect was shown to mosques and the arrogant attitude of the occupying soldiers soldiers to trying to suppress. Non Moslems were getting the better roles and the population were scared and hungry. Plus dozens of foreign ships were in the Bosporus. Ataturk said "as they came so shall they leave.  "
1919 Greeks  to invade Izmir. The local  society for the Rejection of Annexation sprung up under Maci Hasan Pasha. They needed to raise awareness amongst the local people, to raise a spirit of resistance amongst the people with writing and speeches. Kamal Pasha was sent from Istanbul to lead the 9th army in Anatolia to prevent a conflict between Turks and Greeks, to prevent the resistance that was feared. He arrived at the coastal town of Samsun. However he rejected the surrender  policies of Istanbul. Greek gangs were attacking Turkish villages. Turkish women brought food and offered a roof for the Kamal and entourage.
Never hesitate to take step that will determine the fate of the nation. This was supported by Amasya Mufti and the town of Amasya cheered him "Long Live the Pasha" This town's architecture went back to the  glory of the Seljuk Turks  and the Amasya Circular was published and circulated. In Erzurum the Society of the Defence of Rights united  with the Trabzon Society. You also had people fleeing to here from occupied cities of Anatolia as well as regions controlled by the Istanbul government.  Remember the Seljuk Turks. Also the 9th Corps was Kamel to serve. Our fate is not in the hands of the few people in Istanbul, we as a nation will determine our destiny. They realized how weak the Istanbul government was, that it signed a treaty that they did not recognize.  
In Ezurum they brought out the Ezurum Congress manifesto. against all forms of foreign occupation or intervention. They moved on to Sivas and eventually got to Ankara that would be the control centre of the fight. Ankara was chosen as it was the heart of Anatolia far from the clutches of occupying powers and a main railway hub. The support came from farmers , teachers, all who could as well as old professional soldiers. They started a National Assembly to bring about a national economy, and began to lay down a constitution that would lay the foundation of the Turkish State. 
Kemal now gave instructions for the reorganization of the army and the arming of the people. He gave a speech "Gird your loins and be ready to defend the homeland."  He sent out telegrams to local administrations to mobilize everyone.  At Kars on the Armenian attacks, and refugees who fled from there came to Anatolia. Turkish forces, under General Kâzım Karabekir, aimed to "eliminate Armenia physically and politically". The conflict led to the permanent expulsion of many ethnic Armenians from the region,  In the South the French had occupied and they experience resistance in Antep, Moras and Adana. People brought out rifles inherited from grand parent and started laying barricades in the streets, they cut enemy lines and seized their ammunition. The news of this uprising in the south was in secret press in Istanbul  and radio broadcasts, and was very encouraging.
The Organizational Law was drawn up and this was on a basis of democracy. Everyone was doing something to aid the war effort and women took part in supplies of food, carrying bullet as nursing the wounded, and raising the public morale.
  Inonu was the first major Greek attack , an army superior in numbers and weapons. Ismet Pasha led the Turkish forces and this victory gave hope as the Greeks retreated in disarray.
Kutahya Eskisgehir this battle was a defeat for the Turks. The Greek army had a numerical superiority
 The Kamal decided on a strategic retreat to take a stand at Sakarya. Here on the bends of the Sakarya river, the army was extremely well dug in and this would be the last fortress. The Greeks were gung ho because of their success of the previous battle. Sakarya was the great offensive that Kemal had planned and lasted 22 nights by which time the Greek army was in a state of disarray and forced to retreat. A further victory at Kocatepe. The at Dumlupinar the Turks managed to encircle and cut the retreat of the Greeks.
Izmir the victorious troop arrived to be welcomed as liberators however the city  was burning. Smoke from the Armenian quarter spread throughout the city. The non-Muslim population were escaping on Greek ships, many listing from being overloaded. The fire was out of control and the army tried to bring the flames under control. Foreign ships were also entering to rescue the population, in particular French and British.
1922 Oct. In Mudanya negations took place leading to the Armistice of Mudanya. General Harrington represented the British, with French General Charpy and Italian General Mombelli and Ismet Pasha for Turkey. The Greeks had to withdraw and led to the wars end.
1922,November 1,  when the Grand National Assembly of Turkey abolished the monarchy. The last sultan, Mehmed VI, left Istanbul
1923 July 24th Treaty of Lausanne Switzerland confirmed the above with British Lord Curzon, French Barrere and Italian Montagna with Ismet Pasha. Issues like borders, minority rights and debts had to be finalized.
Sovereignty rests unconditionally with the nation by this stage the Sultan had no part to play in Istanbul. The Entarte nations with drew the occupation from the Bosporus in return for shipping guarantees.




Mons ANZAC and Kut by an MP  by Aubrey Herbert   1919 170pg.  1/10/25
Book Dedicated to Lord Robert Cecil an architect of the League of Nations and won a Nobel Prize in 1937 for his tireless efforts in support of the League of Nations, disarmament and peace.
The author was a interpreter and writer ,who spoke English, French, Italian, German, Turkish, Arabic, Greek, and Albanian. His extensive travels and diplomatic postings helped him become fluent in these languages, particularly those of the Middle East and the Balkans.  Started in WW1 in France then in Egypt as an intelligence  officer and ended up seeing the siege of Kut Al Amara (7 December 1915 – 29 April 1916), also known as the first battle of Kut, was the besieging of an 8,000-strong British-Indian Army garrison in the town of Kut, 160 km (100 mi) south of Baghdad, by the Ottoman Army.
1915 In France wherever they saw airplanes troops always shot at them not knowing if friend or foe.
General Sir Maxwell commanded the troops in Egypt. Rupert Brooke had been in Egypt and later died in the Greek island of Skyros of blood poisoning of a mosquito bite aged 27.  . Prince Hussein had been proclaimed Sultan of Egypt, died in 1917 and was succeeded by  Fuad who changed his title to King, when Britain formally recognized Egypt's independence in 1922.
At Gallipoli the Australians  under General Monash landed first, the British 29th then landed at Hellas this included Indian troops, and later the French landed in Asia near Troy. The New Zealanders had the dash and élan of the Australians but the discipline of the Englishmen. The Zion Mule Corp under Colonel Patterson of lion hunting fame. Greeks and Armenians were conscripts who hated their masters. Some Greeks were deserters and the fact that a man spoke Turkish did no make him a Turk
This book covers life in the trenches at the start of WW1 , then like in the Battle of Gallipoli too detailed not enough history,
 

The Island of Missing Trees by Elif Shafak 2022 343pg

 A story of strife in Cyprus  3/9/22

 In 1974, two teenagers — a Greek boy named Kostas 18 and a Turkish girl named Defne 17  — risk their parents’ condemnation by meeting secretly at night. The Fig tree is a memory keeper.

Cyprus is an Island split by 2 different languages and different scrips and religions. the landscape has abandoned villages ,  coastal hinterland wetlands fallow land pine forests fertile plains copper mines and archaeological sights. The capital Nicosia is the last divided city in Europe. 

Ada at school in north London and the history class, her mother had died a few years ago and the father had become a workaholic. A polar vortex causing record breaking low temp and a winter storm which was to be worse that the Great storm of 1703(written about by Daniel Defoe). The father Kostas Kazantzakis was a botanist had published 12 books on the effect of pesticides, impact of logging, evolution and ecology and other damage caused directly by humans. People suffered pain but some managed to hide it.

Without understanding  our past how can we hope to change the future.

Ada never knew family , had her parents marriage not been approved by their parents. We are made up of chromosomes from our mother and father.  In different stages of Ada's childhood she had visited both church and mosque. Since the loss of her mother had withdrawn and become distant, with labels of weirdo and psycho.

The fig tree has in her canopy at times birds, bees, bats, butterflies, ants, mice, monkey  and witness the original sin in Eden. Costas brought a cutting of the fig tree from Cyprus from the taverna the Happy Fig where both Greek and Turkish songs were sung. It was where the 2 lovers met in a back room and later it was burned down. The fig is monecious and parthenocarpy so doesn't need a separate male and the fruit is  syngonium so its blossoms end up inside. The English climate is too cold for it. 

Curse of enduring  memory!  Trees reveal a history showing traumas and wildfires. Why burden our children with our past.

Aphrodite was the prettiest goddess of the Olympians and was born in Paphos Cyprus, Venus is her Roman form.

Polyphonte wanted a different life  but a women who breaks social conventions is always punished usually in a mental way like Mr. Rochester's first wife.

Ada's mother's  sister Meryem had always written to them and was now coming to London.   Selma their mother died at the age of 92,  only now Meryem could visit them.  Defne and Meryem always kept their word.

One should have breakfast like a sultan, lunch like a vizier, and dinner like a mendicant.

1974 News was always about terror attacks. Costas mother was religious, his father died when he was 3  from asbestosis. On the eastern1 side of the TroOdos. Other mines were iron copper cobalt silver pyrite chrome and gold bearing umbers. The wives and children of asbestos workers also suffered.

1878 Sultan Abdul Hamid II made an agreement, in exchange for protection against  Russia. Disraeli considered Cyprus now a Crown colony the key to western Asia. Swarms of locust plagued the island.

Hittites, Egyptians, Phoenicians, Assyrians, Greeks, Persians, Macedonians,  Romans, Byzantines, Arabs, Franks, Genoese, Venetians ,Ottomans, Turks, British.

1950 first bombs went off by 1955 the florist were fashioning wreath  for the funerals for the Gordon Highlanders and other Britain's killed.  So many went missing in Cyprus the horrible years 

1958 EOKA the Greek nationalist organization banned English lettering, the TNT started erasing Greek names.

Kostos mother Panagiota as a widow raised her 3 boys with an income by selling homemade food to shops but the real money was from carob liquor. She had dozens of superstitions never plant a Judas tree as Judas had hanged himself on one.  Eat according to your own taste and dress according to others.   Defne became  an alcoholic.

Defne's father was head  chef at a famous hotel The Ledra Palace. later in no mans land under the UN was the place that negotiation took place.

Saint Hilarion was a traveler who tried helping poor hungry, the Hilarion Castle  is where Ada was conceived.

1956 most expats writer artists poets were leaving. 416 terror attacks against Brits, Turks, Greeks who did not agree with EOKO and a barrier was erected between Turks and Greeks.  Costas grandfather was deaf and did not listen to soldiers and shot during a curfew. Meryem was married but had no children and her husband divorced her. Nothing brings the women of the island together like pregnancy. She said her parents wishes were a priority. She married when she was 40

Kosta had 2 brothers, Michalis was against ENOSIS. and so was murdered. The younger brother Andreas disappeared. 

1956 the Suez Crisis in London people carried banner "Love Not War"

1960 Cyprus gained independence from Britain, the native bird the chuker became the emblem , but their numbers dwindled, due to hunting. 

The Green line was called that because when the borders were drawn up  neutral green  pencil was used by Major general Peter Young instead  red or a blue pencil.

1974 During a heat wave there was a really bad smell and the Turks and Greeks thought it was from each others sector but it was dead bats. Different animals are related to differently by man doves =peace , dogs=  fuzzy warmth.

Yusuf and Yeorgi were gay partners and could be in greater danger that Kostas and Dafne, but they chose to stay.

During the war British soldiers were waiting for the Nazi invasion of England the saw a cloud coming from the continent and thought it was poison gas but it was migrating butterflies.

Ancient Greeks were puzzled what happened to birds in the cold weather and thought that they metamorphosed into fish. Trees can recover from the horror they experience but not man. If your beard is on fire others will use it to light their pipes. There were rumor's that the Junta in Greece were plotting to oust the Cyprus President Archbishop Makarios.

Yusuf Yiorgos was planning to close the Happy Fig while Kostas left for England , his mother had lost 2 sons and wanted to protect Kostas by sending him to relatives in England.  Defne says they risked their lives for her. Then the Junta overthrow Makarios replacing him with Nikos Sampson but resigned after 8 days. Turkish troops 40,000 landed in Kyrenia with 300 tanks. The Athens military regime collapsed while there were clashes between Turkish and Greek warships. There was now a transfer of populating  and Kostas was told not to come home.

1974 by summer 4400 people were dead. 160,000 Greeks moved south and 50,000Turks moved north many old neighbors betrayed each other.

2000s after being away Kostas arrives in Cyprus by ferry in north Nicosia none of the Greek neighbors are left. Defne is an archaeologist and never left or  got married. She speaks at world conferences on her subject. Bridges appear in our lives only when we are ready to cross them. The friends they had in the past were scattered all over the world.

1980s  set up The Committee of Missing Persons both Turks and Greeks are working together on this, but some of the members have been threatened.  some informants misremember details others deliberately lead them on a wild goose chase. Medieval, Roman, Hellenistic bones or prehistoric fossils,  pigmy hippos, pigmy elephants are found.

The mass graves are found, the older generation dying taking secrets to the graves.  His mother made bread from terebinth fruit and use it resin to preserve carob liquor. His mother  came to England with Andreas but died of  the asbestos exposure.

When they found the body of a husband the wife stopped wearing black and came in a pink dress.

Marie Fernanda documented atrocities of the civil war in Spain and the mass graves of the Guatemala of the 1990s. thousands disappeared under Pinochet where they were weighted with pieces of railway tracks and dropped into the sea but this was exposed when a tortured body washed up on the beach when the wire connecting to the weight broke. Yugoslavia Cambodia Rwanda and Iraq also have buried victims.

Fig trees support the ecosystem more than others plants. Butterflies feed on figs and Painted Ladies arrive every year from Israel, reach in Cyprus and the go off to Turkey, Greece, North Africa or central Europe.

Buyuk Han was build as a caravanserai and converted by the British into a city prison.

Mereyam takes Kostas and to a psychic but Defne but the are unimpressed. Later on in London she takes Ada to one but Ada though about her father who said" knowledge was the antidote to fear."

Kostas on a walk finds stretches of birds nets and returned late was a knife to cut them down there is a black market for birds. 2 million songbirds are slain in Cyprus every year. Those that made money are placed in container the rest are dumped. He returns cuts the nets but the next  time he is caught and beaten up. Of the 5 billion birds that fly to Africa 1 billion are slaughtered every year.

Eucalyptus trees have a habit of dropping branches and if you are under it you can get killed. There is a cemetery that includes 300 British babies who died on the island of  mysterious affliction.

Gerde was pregnant when Kostas left and he was adopted by a British officer but Defne could visit him. The grave stone says Yusuf Yiorgos Robinson Jan1975 to July1976.  Yusuf  and Yiorgos were found buried in a well and killed because they were gay.

Mosquitoes killed half the human on earth. Ronald Ross  a Scottish doctor in India discovered inside the stomach of a mosquito the malaria parasite. He won the Nobel Prize. He set out to eradicate mosquitoes in the British Empire and came to Cyprus in 1913.

1936 Cyprus was the worst country for death by mosquitos and Dr. Mehmet Aziz who had trained under Robert Ross set up a program to wipe out the anopheles mosquito. The island was divided up into a grid of 500 squares and in 12 days with DDT did the eradication, traffic moving across the zones were  also sprayed.

A bee can visit 300 flowers on one flight.

1947 The Ledra Palace was a luxury hotel with 240 bedrooms build by German Jewish architect Benjamen Gunsburg.

1955EOKA attempted  to assassinate the British Governor Sir John Harding there. It ended up in UN  no mans land.

1968 intercommunal talks opened there. The UN contingent is located in the hotel.

1974 Turkish invasion.

Meryem described that her father was a famous chef, he sent his children to get  English educations. Of all wars civil wars are the worst. Many parents never talked about the past. In London Defne wanted  to talk  to elderly people about their past in Cyprus many would only talk when no other family members were around. The youngest  seemed to have the oldest memory and hands are the most honest part of the body as they gave out true emotions. It is women that are holding up the world.

Human existence has no special priority over the ecological chain.    Persephone is the goddess of spring.

Sweet and Bitter island by Tabitha Morgan,

 Bitter Lemons by  Lawrence Durrel  about 1953to 1956 Read also

British Imperialism in Cyprus by  Andrekos Varnava on 1878 to 1915

Journey into Cyprus by Colin Thubron

There are Rivers in the Sky by Elif Shafik 2024 464pg

 A story of London and Mesopotamia    11/9/25

640 BC In the ancient city of Nineveh, on the bank of the River Tigris, King Ashurbanipal of Mesopotamia, erudite but ruthless, built a great library that would crumble with the end of his reign. Epic of Gilgamesh the great poem emerged.

Lamassus are protective spirits with eagle wings and body of a bull or lion and head of a man. Splendor of the Assyrian Empire. A ziggurat dedicated to Ishta, goddess of love , sex, beauty passion and war. In his luxurious garden with fruit trees hangs the head of his enemy Elamite king Teumman

Nisaba is the goddess of stories, the king was the 3rd son and so not trained in marshal arts to be the king but in philosophy and literature but then his father chose him to be the heir. The kings tutor who had taught him to appreciate literature by  whose guards  found the man was not loyal to the king by supporting the kings brother. The kings in his name soldiers had been expanding the empire by destroying many people. Instead of stabbing the traitor to death he has him set on fire and the burning man runs to try and get into the Khosr River thus burning the kings childhood memories with him.

1840 The crowded city of London which pollutes the Thames river in every way. Toshers people who scavenged along the river and the dangerous  sewers for valuables like copper, rings. They worked in groups and one women Annabel went into labour with dirt around her, and gives birth to a boy, with the help of the tosher team. But she says throw it into the Thames. Her husband who was a successful carpenter has become a drunk and she has had to be the breadwinner. .The Team name him King Arthor of the sewers and slums. Arthor Smyth has a fantastic memory but becomes a terrible curse. At the same time 21 year old Queen Victoria was giving birth to her first baby a girl called Victoria (Vicky)

He knows everyone in the street and by the time he is 5 he has picked up Yiddish. At 9 he goes to a charity school. Where he points out to the teacher that the figures in the sum are wrong and gets beaten for bad manners.. 

At the British museum he sees Lamasus(symbolizes the kings divine power) being unloaded. He tell a man that he has seen there is a book by Austen Henry Layard on Nineveh. The Man Dr. Samuel Birch (1813 to 1865) invites him to visit him in his office at the museum.* 

1853 Arthurs did odd jobs like collecting horse dropping to take to tanners who used it in their work. Cages of budgies are popular since Queen Victoria was given pair from Australia. His father takes him to a printer who agree to give him a weeks trial. There is the book by Omar Khayyam which he says he is keen to read.. At first he has to do odd jobs around but slowly he starts being trained to run the machines. When you publish a book you are setting a caged bird free. When he get home with his first wage packet his father says it belongs to him. Mr Bradbury lend him any book he wants to read however except for moon full nights he is unable to red till he is also given a gift of 2 tallow candles. He read every  important book available at the time. He wants to be involved in book publication as books "never end even when you have finished reading them"   

Austen Henry Layard 1817 to 1894 Archeologist in Assyria, writer and politician. Wrote on Nineveh.

1851 The World Exhibition in Hyde Park but only the wealthy could enter as it was expensive. By 1854 it had been rebuild at Sydenham and was finally only a shilling entrance so Arthur saw manufactures from every country and finally a Lemusus displayed from the British Museum. At the end of a day he is chatting to Mr. Bradbury about a picture of the  Thames .a century ago. Mr. . Bradbury " all to often we humans destroy nature and call it progress." Arthur wants to visit the British museum but can't afford a jacket to go in respectably. Next morning he finds Mr Bradbury dead in the office - the only person who took an interest in him.

There are 300,000 horses in the capital and the leave and that leaves 12,000 tones of crap all over the city. His one twin brother drinks the water from the flask he brought home and dies very quickly of Cholera. Dr. John Snow has figured out that Cholera comes from water and from the Broad Street pump but everyone laughs at him.  He can't  get the municipality to take the handle of the pump, puts up a warning which is stolen. 1853 to 1894  10,740 people die of cholera in London. Finally the people recognize that they are killing the water. We humans destroy nature and call it progress. In the office he meets up with Charles Dickens (1812-1870). Who tells him that nobody is useless in this world who lifts the burdens of others. Arthur can't visit the British museum as he does not have the clothes. A parcel arrives in the office from Dickens containing a set of clothes his correct size.

Every spare minute Arthur is at the Museum and fascinated by the cuneiform tablets. This is noticed by the staff there and he is offered a part time position. A museum in deciding what will be remembered is also deciding what will be forgotten. 1857 Later on he takes up a  full time position at the museum for a lower wage and works out the epic poem of Gilgamesh. Author his lost contact with his father and family his whole effort is his  work.

The story of the flood and Noah's  Ark appear in the coniform writings so this all predate the Bible.

Charles Darwin (1808 to 1882) His book the  Origen of Species(1859) had a profound effect on society later book Descent of Man (1871)

He is invited to give a lecture at the Society of Biblical Archaeology and the Prime Minister William Gladstone (1808- 1898)is there to listen. He is now invited to mix and toast with lawyers, bankers, politicians and philanthropists but down below feels frustrated. The Daily Telegraph offers him a £1,000 to lead an expedition, of archaeological exploration. His mother is in a asylum and he was not allowed to visit her now that he is famous he is given permission. There has recently been an need for asylums to treat cases caused by syphilis 

1872 he describes the trip staying in Paris which also has cesspools and pollution.  Which he knows about from reading Victor Hugo's (1802–1885) .Les Misérables.

The British Embassy Constantinople Pera House build in 1808, looks like a mini Buckingham Palace. He has to wait to get a firman to be able to got to Nineveh and dig there .Here he hears Turkish, Armenian ,Kurdish , Arabic, Persian , Ladino and French spoken. The Hammams or public baths are also a place of prostitution, women are taken as spoils of war and are displayed naked and auctioned across the empire. Sometimes if they bear their master a child may get freedom. Arthurs firman has arrived but also a letter that his mother died. 

King Sennecherib (705 till assassinated in 601)expanded his dream of empire as did his grandson Ashurbanipal the last of the great kings of Assyria (reigned 668 to 627 BCE)

Arthur arrives in Zerav the nearest village to Nineveh but the guide will not stay in a devil worship village of Yazidis and absconds. Yazidis are "heretical Moslems, renegade Christians perhaps  apostate Jews or odd Zoroastrians?" They do not have a sacred scripture which fascinated someone like Arthur.  He is treated very well here and meets Leila the diviner. For decades the British have excavated to the north here and French to the south, and people in London and Paris are waiting for the antiques.

1876Arthur arrives in Constantinople the 2nd time when the sultan Abdel Aziz  has been assassinated  but made to look like a suicide. The pasha of Mosul with the help of the qadi have mustered the army to massacre the Yazidis. First they destroyed the bridge and removed all boats leaving no escape before the massacre. When Arthur gets to the village the people who entertained him are gone including the girl who enchanted him Leila.

When King Gilgamesh died his body was interred under the  Euphrates which had to be diverted to do this. The greediest kings had corralled the rivers and the bloodiest wars were fought over water. Arthur also discovers that what is called civilization is so destructive and sooner or later will engulf everything in its path.

Arthur realizes that he has to return home as their is a cholera plague but the Museum no longer wants to employ him. He found a lapis lazuli tablet amongst the archeological dump. This show information on the goddess Nisiba and he had now achieved something for his trip . He is now ill  in a shepherds hut near the village of Castrum Kefa . A thief finds the blue tablet and takes it and Arthur dies  there.

2014  The Tigris flowing  from  Turkey a girl is to be baptized Narin, They originate  in the valley of Lalish in Iraq to a Yazidi family. Lamb of faith. Along the shores of the river where a llisu dam , Sirnak Province Turkey (built between 2006 and2018)is being build that will flood the whole area and the destroy a millennium of history. The village  Hasankeyf will be flooded by 2020 and there people have all received a pittance as compensation in their bank accounts. The bulldozer driver  wont let them have the ceremony and Narin reads his lips "filthy fallen devil worshipper" She has heard this before. The grandmother say this is an omen that the ceremony should take place in Lalish Narin has a genetic disease and will go completely deaf. Her mother died giving birth and her father is never around as he is a musician and plays at weddings and festivals everywhere to Iraq and Lebanon and says they can now travel to Iraq. 72 times the Yazidis have been massacred.

The government has promised that all their graves will be moved but they don't believe them. What about the Englishman's grave his family don't even know where it is, it is never attended to. Some people travel they are restless like rivers.  We know now  that the Englishman was Arthur from the sewer and slum as Narin's cousins visit from Germany and figure this out. Narin's grandmother tells her that she heard the story of the Englishman from her grandmother Leila., "Some people are restless like rivers" 

Grandma says that when she was a girl there were 500  oryxes today the are gone. The Mosul Dam built between 1981-1986 on the Tigris river by Saddam Hussein (1937-2006) also displaced thousand year old Yazidi settlements. Saddam also destroyed the swamplands to get rid of the marsh Arabs.

The Kurdish forces Peshmerga who  protect their village leave. ISIS arrive and tell the population to come out with their phones and valuables and hand them over. The men are taken and executed by a pit the women are taken  to be slaves and converted Islam.  High peaks are considered religious sanctuaries and Yazidis flee there, there is no water and grandma divines for water.

Narin and the women are taken in truck and will be made slaves , servants and sex objects.to accompany the noble army in Jihad, because their fathers were heathen. Because Narin speaks Turkish she is good for  the commander who also does. The commanders wife speaks Arabic with an American accent. Salma who knew Narins grandmother warns the jihadist that Narin has special powers. Salma say it would have been better to die by Sadam Hussein gassing the Kurds of Halabja in 1988. While ISIS rape murder and pillage that also have a sideline business of selling antiquities which the are supposed  to destroy.

 

2018 Zeleika ( Potiphar's wife in the Bible) or Dr. Z Clark has divorced her husband after 3 and a half years or marriage because he wanted children?. Both were Water Scientists she has moved to a London house boat on the Thames in Chelsea. Her family are immigrants from the Middle East and her parents died and she was brought up by the Uncle Malik with his daughter. She is planning to drown herself.

A man is collecting Chinese mitten crabs are alien creatures on the Thames they were first seen in 1930. A man is collecting them and she thinks of the plastics they find in these creatures. Global warming is going to be felt by lack of water in places, and water will be the big issue.

She visits her uncle Malik in his mansion in Kensington where she  was brought up from the age of 7 when her parents died. She and Helen their daughter was regarded as siblings but Helen got married and had 3 children, and they parted ways. Immigrants always have to be prepared for contingencies. Malik came from Mesopotamia to England had everything about him is English including his wife and business partners. They discuss her marriage and he tells her he hates eating fish but will have a fish dinner not to upset his wife.

They discuss that all the great cities are places on rivers, even Athens you are not aware  that it has 3 rivers. Uncle Malic at 8 years old was sent to boarding school in England he was the first of his family, after that he always considered himself British. Became a successful businessman and a politician and philanthropist.

They discuss that there are many hidden rivers that have been concealed and culverted like the River Effra of South London. Zeleika works for the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology.   She has left her husband after 3 years of marriage and moved to a house barge on the Thames. She visits her landlady Nen next to the British Museum where she has a  tattoo shop with the slogan Our tattoos last longer than most marriages. Most of her tattoos are cuneiform words. A script used by Sumerians , Arcadians Babylonians Assyrians ,Elamites and Hittites. She says people think tattoos are a form of rebellion to her they are a form of story telling. Zeleika has a tattoo of the sign for water.  Nen often goes mudlarking, A mudlark is someone who scavenges the banks and shores of rivers for items of value they use metal detectors nowadays.

As a child Uncle Maliks house was more a shelter from a storm rather than a home.

With Nen she goes to the British Museum the bas-reliefs have no women on them. People can be cultured but still commit cruel acts.

  We know that 1 in 4 children today across the world are living with water so polluted it will kill them. She is always surprised that Uncle Malik has never shown an interest in visiting the part  of the world he came from and totally cut ties with his childhood. Helen tells her they have found a donor of a kidney for her daughter Lily and are going to Istanbul to a private hospital to get her daughter a kidney.  Zeleika for the first time is busy kissing a women Nen.

Nisaba is the god of literacy and  libraries, later women are stripped of powers so the god Nuba takes her place, and references to her have been erased.

We now discover that on a vacation to their homeland her parents wanted to stay in the hotel and she wanted them to camp on the banks of the Tigres while  Zeleika got up to have a pee they were washed away by the sudden river surge. Uncle Malik had to collect Zeleika at the police station in Turkey.

Zeleika finds a  picture of a young girls that looks just like her and it is marked that she is to be the donor.

 

Becoming Michelle Obama 2018, 344pg

The Autobiography of the US First Lady, Michelle Obama wife of Barak 16/2/19

Michelle LaVaugen Robinson born 1964 was brought up in inner city Chicago with her brother Craig. The Robinsons shared a flat with her aunt and uncle and the aunt taught her the piano. The neighborhood was mixed and slowly turned blacker. The one neighbor moved into the suburbia and passed as white. In the 30s blacks could not get work as the unions kept blacks out and couldn't earn enough to send their children to collage. When the aunt and uncle died they left them the flat.

Her parent made a point of getting both children to speak correctly and her cousins commented that she spoke like a white. Her parents were prepared to invest everything they had into their children and when her French class organized a tour of Paris her parents felt it was a priority that she go. Her close friend Santina Jackson was he daughter of Rev Jesse Jackson at the time his slogan for blacks was "no dope more hope" He also said everyone should take of 2 hours from TV every night to study they could get the grades they needed. Michelle got good grades and the school principal encourage her despite the councilor who indicated she was aiming too high. She got into Princeton and was involved in an afternoon program looking after children. Did very well there and describes what it was like being a woman and black amongst a WASP and male majority. She then went to Harvard Law School and returned to Chicago to work for a big prestigious law firm. Barak arrived there on a summer job and had a further 2 years to study. He had been working on community projects in Chicago after he graduated. Obama read vastly and widely and was not one for party small talk. After 2 years he moved into Michelle's home. Her father died just before that. She was earning well as a top corporate lawyer but reached a point she hated the job and found work at the Chicago municipality but at a lower salary.

1992 They were married Barak worked on getting voters to sign up before the election that got Bill Clinton elected. They went to Kenya and met Barak's fathers family. Barak now published his first book an autobiography but deals with race issues. He got elected into the Illinois Legislature and then saw an opportunity to get into the Washington Senate. Michelle had to get used to bringing up the 2 girls alone. Malia born 1998 and Sasha born 2001.The one daughter put on weight and she realized that she was buying too much ready foods and had to remedy this. She took a half time job but discovered that she got half the pay but couldn't only do half the work. After the 2nd daughter was born she took a different job under her own terms. A senators wife phoned her and told her that not living in Washington could be hard on a marriage. The Public wanted Barak to run for president. With her brother Craig encouragement she agreed. 2009 to 2017 The Whitehouse years describes the security can be very restrictive especially for the children unless they plan ahead. Michelle worked on solving US obesity by improving children's diets but she did not want to deal with legislation of this. She rather approached food companies and asked them to take action before the government was forced to deal with this problem. This is a major US problem and never been dealt with. 2008 TIME magazine called her their women of the Year. She discusses the issue of having to find the correct dress for herself without being overtly ostentatious and how the First Lady automatically become a fashion model. During school vacations if Barak went on state visits children went with and met Putin and the Pope for example. Michelle went to Southern Africa and met Mandela who was in his last senile time but his wife Graca Michel was a personality. She had a number of weekends when she invited her girl friends to meet at Camp David to keep up contact.

2011 May The killing of Bin Ladin without US casualties was a great feather in Barak's hat but it was a great risk. Michelle set herself the mission and devoted much time to getting better conditions for wounded soldiers and getting companies to employ veterans. Prince Harry took part and memorials to soldiers with her and also encouraged her. Also going to inner cities especially Chicago and encouraging disadvantaged children that even they could achieve. She was not very pleased about Trump as the Republican candidate. Later his inauguration showed his guests were the typical WASP crowd. Generally I found her background and meeting Barak fascinating. She is very modest about her role as First Lady, perhaps to say - I am a very ordinary perhaps educated African American woman. In 2020 she still remained high for 3 years on the list of most admired US women.