The Churchill Factor by Boris Johnson2014 355pg 30/1/19
When British troops were stuck in Dunkirk, Halifax wanted to negotiate with Mussolini to Hitler and Churchill refused.
Winston had made many errors in judgement the worst being Gallipoli. He was also the type who liked being in the limelight, a showman and a rebel to his party . He became PM with the support of the opposition and was hated but his own Tory party.
Randolph Churchill was a great supporter of Disraeli and Winston admired his father. Tories felt that they had a duty to the workers. Churchill wrote novels like Disraeli for the same purpose.
Winston was a daring type which is good for war, times but bad for peace periods. In 1913 only 10 years after the invention of the airplane he went for flying lessons despite the danger. His instructor died 3 days later in that same plane. He saw front line action in Cuba, Afghanistan and the battle of Omdurman, so he never asked soldiers to risk lives not knowing what it involved.
He was very highly skilled with words with an enormous vocabulary and writing and speaking, and earned extremely well as a war reporter and had a big following. His wife Clementine was a forceful person and always gave him support as well as mellowing him, as were his 4 children. Neither he and Clemmy had extramarital affairs as was so prevalent amongst that class.
In 1910 he managed to pass a property tax law with the help of the king as they threatened to appoint more liberal peers. Churchill understood that for the good of Britain the poor had to be helped. He realized that very few controlled the entire country and that was negative to progress.
Roy Jenkins was his official biographer. The tank was his idea to win WW1 he had the prototype made and then had 400 ready to go into action and it took the Germans time to learn how to deal with them. He was the one who built up the British navy that cut off supplies to Germany so that by the end of WW1 they were starving. He suggested the airplane launched torpedo.
He had a memory and grasp of facts and pages of poetry that he could surprise people with. Churchill asked Laurence Olivier to produce the film Henry V to inspire the troops during WW2.
1932 Churchill and his son Randolph were in Munich researching the battle of Blenheim and American Nazi supporter there said Hitler comes into the hotel and could meet him, and asked what he would ask Hitler. Churchill said "Why attack Jews for a fault of their birth" It seem that Hitler kept away and luckily for Churchill as he was not photographed with him.
Churchill was Chancellor of the Exchequer when he kept the pound on the gold standard causing the economic disaster on advice that he did not like from all they experts.
When France was losing the war Churchill flew to Tours despite bad weather, to be told that France could not keep fighting.
The French navy had been scuttled in most ports or escaped to Mes al Kabir, Algeria. Churchill asked them to move the ships to British ports or the Caribbean . French Admiral Dahlan wanted to keep his navy independent so Churchill ordered it destroyed and over 1000 French sailors were killed. Parliament supported Winston as he showed he could be decisive. He now felt he would get American support somehow. Britain transferred her last assets of gold from Cape Town to America and the weapons sales brought the US out of the depression but a third of Congress voted against supplying as it was not neutral.
When Churchill met Roosevelt a year later they never offered him much but after Pearl Harbour he received a very good response from his speech. When Churchill visited Stalin in Moscow and was asked why the second front had not started, that the British were cowards, Churchill thought this strange from the man who had signed a pact with Hitler. Hitler declared war on America after Pearl Harbour as America had not been neutral for a long time, however his declaration made America deal with Europe first.
Finally when Montgomery beat Rommel the war changed.
When the war ended there was the slogan "Cheer Churchill and vote Labour" and Clement Attlee won. After the Potsdam conference he knew that Russia was going to enslave Eastern Europe and wanted America to be ready to prevent this but America wanted Russia's support against Japan.
Churchill's speech in Fulham Missouri on the Iron Curtain shocked a lot of people and the press was against him for warmongering but it was very soon after that that the Berlin crises started.
When Robert Shuman invited Britain to be at the meeting of the European steel and coal authority which later became the European Community which had even been a Churchills idea, Attlee turned it down. Had Britain been there from 1950 Europe would have been more democratic and had British input from the beginning.
1921 in Palestine when Churchill spoke to the Arabs they outright rejected dealing with the Jews while the Jews were prepared to compromise.
Tuesday, March 10, 2020
Sunday, March 8, 2020
The News from Waterloo. The race to tell Britain of Wellington Victory by Brian Cathcart.2015 307pg
The race to tell Britain of Wellington Victory 5/11/18
There is a lot of myth on how this news reached London.
In Brussels there were first reports of defeat and the residents began to flee. The decisive battle was over at 8pm but even the next morning the news had not reached Brussels.
Optical telegraph started in France in 1793 this was a system relaying semaphore type signals and was adapted by the British Admiralty in 1796. Morse code 1837 was invented in America.
Roads in England were in a bad state until the Turnpike Act of 1766 and 1773. In 1815 MacAdam improved the road surface.
News in the press in those days were "aggregator" relaying material from other papers or the parliamentary debates of the night before were in the press in the morning. A tax was paid on newspapers making them expensive so that the masses never got them. The Post Office had control of all information from abroad and if reports by passed them, the reporter could be accused of libel.
The battle had ended at 8pm.The person carrying the official Wellington letter was Major Henry Persy and this privilege indicated he was getting a promotion. The official news took a week to get there and the Post Office only delivered the soldiers letters later. Meanwhile in Ghent kings waited not knowing if they should flee from Napoleon. First there was the battle of Quatra Bras with big losses and a few days later Waterloo.
2 Napoleon eagles(like Roman ones) were sent to show victory. When Napoleon was sent to Elba Louis XVIII had all of these ceremoniously burned so these were new ones.
Printing had arrived in Fleet Street 300 years earlier when William Caxtons protégé Wynkyn de Worde set up a press.There were 54 papers in London at the time. An average paper had a circulation of 5000, it was printed on cotton paper which was durable and was passed around and read for over a week. James Perry a Scot built the Chronicle and he had predicted Napoleon's demise after the 1812 Russian disaster but he did not like Britain reinstating ancien regime Bourbons and was considered unpatriotic. John Stoddard of the Post was extremely anti Napoleon. Printing could produce a maximum of 24 sheets an hour but The Times was the first to take the cylinder steam powered printing press that could print 1100 per hour.
In 1814 de Bourg had brought a false story that Paris had fallen when it took another few month for this to happen so London was very skeptical when Daniel Sutton a shipper returned from Belgium and reported the Victory against Napoleon. Daniel Sutton's father was a physician who promoted small pox vaccinations.
The French press told of Napoleons victory so both in London and Paris there were celebrations. C arrived with news of the victory but was not believed he was correct even though he had left before the battle ended. It took almost a week after the battle till Persy arrived with the official news.
At this time Franz Mesmer described hypnotism.
Once Napoleon was on Elba, parliament was demanding the benefits of peace as new taxes had be taken to pay for the war which was done half heartedly. Winning the war these bonds would be worth more. Britain instead of sending many troops had sent money for others countries to fight.
Now the government gave full support to the army by raising loans with government bonds. The 1812 War had ended and troops were brought directly from Louisiana to Belgium.
Nathan Rothchild made a lot of money by knowing ahead of the others of the Waterloo victory. In 1903 Jerome de Rothchild Nathan grandson said that Nathan owned boats that went to Europe and had asked the captains to bring back foreign newspapers and in a Dutch paper there was a report of the victory.
The Regent was the first to learn of a family loss as his brother in law Duke of Brunswick was killed..
Henry Percy's ship too 26 hours to cross the channel in bad weather. It took till 1820 till steam paddle ships crosses and till after 1830 for the first locomotive. Francis Ronald in 1815in London discovered sending electical impulses along a wire but the admiralty rejected his idea and it took till 1838 to get the electric telegraph.
Napoleon tried to escape to America but was blocked by the HMS Bellaorphon and sent to St. Helena. The French crown was given to Louis's XVIII son. Louis died in 1824.
The Prince Regent ruling in England from 1820 till 1830. Castlereagh took his own life in 1821. Strand bridge was renamed Waterloo Bridge in 1821. Wellington died in 1852 and over a million people watched the funeral procession. Henry Persy retired from the army in 1821 became an MP, he had 2 out of wedlock sons in France that were with him when he died in 1825. The economist David Ricardo did well on the government bonds. Nathan Rothschild claimed that he made wealth by buying and moving gold coin to the troops.
Saturday, March 7, 2020
Days of Ticho: Empire, Mandate, Medicine and Art in the Holy Land by David M Reifler 2015 375pp
British Mandate, Medicine and Art in the Holy Land
Living in Israel I knew of Anna Ticho as one of the early artist whose painting documented yellow dessert scenes and Jerusalem of her times. Later on I saw Ticho House Museum that gave part of the story of Ticho the ophthalmologist.
This book tells the story of the Jewish communities Brno and Boskovice Monrovia, Prague and Vienna during the Austro-Hungarian Empire and some of the important personalities of the period including Herzl and Fraud but also about the development of medical studies in Vienna which was the great centre at the time.
The history of the Ticho family is the history of that part of Europe and German culture. We read that the most advanced knowledge of ophthalmology and medicine was in the German speaking world and Jews were very much part of it. Any ophthalmologist today will know about all the development of this field and the names mentioned. However for many Jews to advance to the most prestigious positions they had to convert to Christianity.
The book also introduces you to Jewish life in Germany Reform Judaism, Orthodox Judaism as well as Zionism of communities' like Frankfort.
Since his parents had died by then the alternative for Ticho was to take his skill to a place it was needed and that’s when he saw a advert in the Zionist Press about Jerusalem a position supported by a German Jewish charity.
Anna Ticho his cousin studied art under Ernst Novak in the same period at the same institution as Hitler.
We then read a description of arriving in Jerusalem under the Ottoman's. Ships from Brendizi or Odessa would have arrived in Alexandria and then a ferry to Jaffa. Alexandria had a large European population and there was a statue of de Lesseps at the entrance to the Suez canal which was destroyed in 1956. One train a day went from Jaffa to Jerusalem at 2pm.
In 1912 Turkey and Italy were at war over Tripoli and so the Italian hospital in Jerusalem could not be completed till that ended and Italian nationals could return to Jerusalem. Lady Caroline Gray Hill was a frequent visitor to Jerusalem and painted pictures that were recently exhibited at the Ticho Museum. Later on their house and property was bought on Mount Scopus and became the Hebrew University.
Just before WW1 there were language wars where German Jewish or French Jewish charity donated money for schools they wanted their language to be the language of instruction about this period Hebrew started being accepted by Jewish schools.
We read what happened in Palestine during WW1 but of particular interest was the medical aspects, lack of food brought starvation and then there were outbreaks of typhus and cholera, besides the eye infections and surgery that Ticho did for German and Turkish troops. Many in the Yishuv were conscripted into the Turkish army and others were deported and ended up in Alexandria Egypt under the British. Henry Morgenthau the US ambassador to Istanbul visited Jerusalem, he spoke to Ticho in German. Barbra Tuchman the historian was Henry Morgenthau's granddaughter.
When the British started attacking from Sinai then the Turks moved Jews out of Tel Aviv and Jerusalem. Ticho set up a clinic in Damascus under the Austrian and Turkish Army till the British Army eventually arrived and they returned to Jerusalem a long way around via Istanbul.
The British controlled Palestine while the Turks still ruled the Galilee till the Battle of Megiddo.
In Jerusalem Ticho set up his clinic again, this was a time when Dr. Rubinov had the job of setting up the WIZO clinic on American Jewish money. Rubinov had tried setting up socialized medicine in NY or the States he had failed and tried to set it up in the Yishuv but doctors complained they were not earning enough and also wanted to set up private practice. Later he returned to the States and became an advisor to FDR. he was a trade unionist leader and worked on the New Deal. Henrietta Scold set up a nurse's school. Later on when the Hebrew University and Hadassah hospital were set up Dr. Fagelbaum was the head of ophthalmology while Ticho volunteered as a consultant there.
Ticho published articles in the Hebrew Harofe journal but also in German medical journal and also had an article that appeared in the Lancet. He treated all patients not only Jews and with the poor he gave his services free. An Arab child had syphilis in the eye as there is the habit of kissing wounds or sore eyes.
Einstein gave the first official lecture at the Mount Scopus Hebrew university in a small hall as the campus was under construction, he said a few words in Hebrew and then changed to French and spoke on his theory of Relativity, it had just been announced that he won the Nobel prize. He turned down the option of being the first head of the University. In 1925 the University was officially inaugurated Belfour, Herbert Samuel , Rabbi Kook spoke.
Tomas Masaryk visited Jerusalem and Ticho met him as a Czechoslovakian Citizen. Ticho was the official doctor of the Czechoslovak ambassador to the Middle East based in Jerusalem.
The book describes the Arab Riots of 1929, is sounds like it was an organized pogrom and not something spontaneous. In Jerusalem there were some Jews who had trained to be an organized defense unit so the killings were limited. In Hebron Jews were slaughtered with such cruelty except for a few saved by Arab families. The Hebron Police were soldiers that had been in Ireland during the troubles there, they did not do proper autopsies or allow photographs to be taken. A finding decided there was no mutilation of bodies despite what Ticho saw when he went as a doctor to Hebron.
Ticho was stabbed outside his clinic and was in hospital for a few weeks a list of high of officials and doctors visited but the assailant was not caught. After that he closed that clinic in Musrara the Arab neighbourhood. To recover they went on a 2 month holiday to Europe to see family and Anna put on an exhibit of her art in Paris.
In the north of the country El Quassam organized terrorist groups to attack Jewish settlement. He was an Syrian nationalist preacher and it took till 1935 till the British tracked him down and shot him. From 1933 the German consul in Jerusalem had both the German tricolor and Nazi flag on the roof.
This was a period of German immigration to Palestine and German doctors and professors filled the university. In 1933 the Egyptians Medical Association organized a conference in Jerusalem which took place in the YMCA of doctors from Syrian Lebanon and Iraq as well. Later that year Ticho went to the Ophthalmology conference in Madrid where the subject of tuberculosis affecting the eyes was prominent. The Tichos went to Bagdad to treat a wealthy Jewish patient. They discussed the possibility of bring German Jewish doctors to work there but neither King Feisal or PM al Gaylani would have allowed even a token Jewish immigration. Al Gaylani was very pro Axis.
There were 53000 physicians in Germany when Hitler took over at least 6400 to 9000 of them were Jewish as 6000 of them left Germany and another 3000 left Austria and Czechoslovakia 2000 of them arrived in Palestine. The most prominent of these was Max Marcus who came to Hadassah Hospital Tel Aviv.
He attended Chaim Alozaroff when he was shot by Arlosoroff died. 2 years later he was with Meir Dizingoff when he died of Pneumonia.
Branislov Huberman sent Emil Hausner to recruit for his Refugee orchestra and this started what later became the Israel Philharmonic orchestra. The Official opening of this orchestra was at a large Tel Aviv port warehouse conducted by Toscanini
One of Tichos. patients was selling his orange grove in Hadera and Ticho, encouraged his Brothers that this was a good investment. Later when they had to flee Europe they could get visas for Palestine as they had assets.
In1936 Anna went to Paris to publish a folio of her paintings and met up with Walter Benjamin and Gershon Shalom. After the German occupation of Czechoslovakia, Josef Kadlec the Consul in Jerusalem refused to hand it over to the Germans and joined Edvard Benes government in exile.
21 Jewish physicians from Palestine were taken with Orde Wingate for his conquest of Abyssinia from the Italians. Another 200 physicians were spread around the British forces. In Dec.1942 Antony Eden announced in Parliament about the Germans massacring Jews.
Dizingoffs house in Rothschild Boulevard, Tel Aviv was left to the city and became the museum and art gallery where Anna exhibited her work. The main hall in this building is the place that Ben Gurion declared Israel independence.
During the war of Independence their house was on the front lines and Jerusalem was divided leaving most of his patients on the Jordanian side of the border. Ticho died at the age of 77 in 1960 his wife Anna survived till 1980 to see the reunification of Jerusalem. Shortly before her death she was awarded the Israel Prize for art. Anna had a number of pregnancies but due to Rh factor no surviving children.
Allen Cunningham was recalled to London after the failure at El Alamein and was replaced by General Montgomery he was the last High Commissioner to British Palestine.
Living in Israel I knew of Anna Ticho as one of the early artist whose painting documented yellow dessert scenes and Jerusalem of her times. Later on I saw Ticho House Museum that gave part of the story of Ticho the ophthalmologist.
This book tells the story of the Jewish communities Brno and Boskovice Monrovia, Prague and Vienna during the Austro-Hungarian Empire and some of the important personalities of the period including Herzl and Fraud but also about the development of medical studies in Vienna which was the great centre at the time.
The history of the Ticho family is the history of that part of Europe and German culture. We read that the most advanced knowledge of ophthalmology and medicine was in the German speaking world and Jews were very much part of it. Any ophthalmologist today will know about all the development of this field and the names mentioned. However for many Jews to advance to the most prestigious positions they had to convert to Christianity.
The book also introduces you to Jewish life in Germany Reform Judaism, Orthodox Judaism as well as Zionism of communities' like Frankfort.
Since his parents had died by then the alternative for Ticho was to take his skill to a place it was needed and that’s when he saw a advert in the Zionist Press about Jerusalem a position supported by a German Jewish charity.
Anna Ticho his cousin studied art under Ernst Novak in the same period at the same institution as Hitler.
We then read a description of arriving in Jerusalem under the Ottoman's. Ships from Brendizi or Odessa would have arrived in Alexandria and then a ferry to Jaffa. Alexandria had a large European population and there was a statue of de Lesseps at the entrance to the Suez canal which was destroyed in 1956. One train a day went from Jaffa to Jerusalem at 2pm.
In 1912 Turkey and Italy were at war over Tripoli and so the Italian hospital in Jerusalem could not be completed till that ended and Italian nationals could return to Jerusalem. Lady Caroline Gray Hill was a frequent visitor to Jerusalem and painted pictures that were recently exhibited at the Ticho Museum. Later on their house and property was bought on Mount Scopus and became the Hebrew University.
Just before WW1 there were language wars where German Jewish or French Jewish charity donated money for schools they wanted their language to be the language of instruction about this period Hebrew started being accepted by Jewish schools.
We read what happened in Palestine during WW1 but of particular interest was the medical aspects, lack of food brought starvation and then there were outbreaks of typhus and cholera, besides the eye infections and surgery that Ticho did for German and Turkish troops. Many in the Yishuv were conscripted into the Turkish army and others were deported and ended up in Alexandria Egypt under the British. Henry Morgenthau the US ambassador to Istanbul visited Jerusalem, he spoke to Ticho in German. Barbra Tuchman the historian was Henry Morgenthau's granddaughter.
When the British started attacking from Sinai then the Turks moved Jews out of Tel Aviv and Jerusalem. Ticho set up a clinic in Damascus under the Austrian and Turkish Army till the British Army eventually arrived and they returned to Jerusalem a long way around via Istanbul.
The British controlled Palestine while the Turks still ruled the Galilee till the Battle of Megiddo.
In Jerusalem Ticho set up his clinic again, this was a time when Dr. Rubinov had the job of setting up the WIZO clinic on American Jewish money. Rubinov had tried setting up socialized medicine in NY or the States he had failed and tried to set it up in the Yishuv but doctors complained they were not earning enough and also wanted to set up private practice. Later he returned to the States and became an advisor to FDR. he was a trade unionist leader and worked on the New Deal. Henrietta Scold set up a nurse's school. Later on when the Hebrew University and Hadassah hospital were set up Dr. Fagelbaum was the head of ophthalmology while Ticho volunteered as a consultant there.
Ticho published articles in the Hebrew Harofe journal but also in German medical journal and also had an article that appeared in the Lancet. He treated all patients not only Jews and with the poor he gave his services free. An Arab child had syphilis in the eye as there is the habit of kissing wounds or sore eyes.
Einstein gave the first official lecture at the Mount Scopus Hebrew university in a small hall as the campus was under construction, he said a few words in Hebrew and then changed to French and spoke on his theory of Relativity, it had just been announced that he won the Nobel prize. He turned down the option of being the first head of the University. In 1925 the University was officially inaugurated Belfour, Herbert Samuel , Rabbi Kook spoke.
Tomas Masaryk visited Jerusalem and Ticho met him as a Czechoslovakian Citizen. Ticho was the official doctor of the Czechoslovak ambassador to the Middle East based in Jerusalem.
The book describes the Arab Riots of 1929, is sounds like it was an organized pogrom and not something spontaneous. In Jerusalem there were some Jews who had trained to be an organized defense unit so the killings were limited. In Hebron Jews were slaughtered with such cruelty except for a few saved by Arab families. The Hebron Police were soldiers that had been in Ireland during the troubles there, they did not do proper autopsies or allow photographs to be taken. A finding decided there was no mutilation of bodies despite what Ticho saw when he went as a doctor to Hebron.
Ticho was stabbed outside his clinic and was in hospital for a few weeks a list of high of officials and doctors visited but the assailant was not caught. After that he closed that clinic in Musrara the Arab neighbourhood. To recover they went on a 2 month holiday to Europe to see family and Anna put on an exhibit of her art in Paris.
In the north of the country El Quassam organized terrorist groups to attack Jewish settlement. He was an Syrian nationalist preacher and it took till 1935 till the British tracked him down and shot him. From 1933 the German consul in Jerusalem had both the German tricolor and Nazi flag on the roof.
This was a period of German immigration to Palestine and German doctors and professors filled the university. In 1933 the Egyptians Medical Association organized a conference in Jerusalem which took place in the YMCA of doctors from Syrian Lebanon and Iraq as well. Later that year Ticho went to the Ophthalmology conference in Madrid where the subject of tuberculosis affecting the eyes was prominent. The Tichos went to Bagdad to treat a wealthy Jewish patient. They discussed the possibility of bring German Jewish doctors to work there but neither King Feisal or PM al Gaylani would have allowed even a token Jewish immigration. Al Gaylani was very pro Axis.
There were 53000 physicians in Germany when Hitler took over at least 6400 to 9000 of them were Jewish as 6000 of them left Germany and another 3000 left Austria and Czechoslovakia 2000 of them arrived in Palestine. The most prominent of these was Max Marcus who came to Hadassah Hospital Tel Aviv.
He attended Chaim Alozaroff when he was shot by Arlosoroff died. 2 years later he was with Meir Dizingoff when he died of Pneumonia.
Branislov Huberman sent Emil Hausner to recruit for his Refugee orchestra and this started what later became the Israel Philharmonic orchestra. The Official opening of this orchestra was at a large Tel Aviv port warehouse conducted by Toscanini
One of Tichos. patients was selling his orange grove in Hadera and Ticho, encouraged his Brothers that this was a good investment. Later when they had to flee Europe they could get visas for Palestine as they had assets.
In1936 Anna went to Paris to publish a folio of her paintings and met up with Walter Benjamin and Gershon Shalom. After the German occupation of Czechoslovakia, Josef Kadlec the Consul in Jerusalem refused to hand it over to the Germans and joined Edvard Benes government in exile.
21 Jewish physicians from Palestine were taken with Orde Wingate for his conquest of Abyssinia from the Italians. Another 200 physicians were spread around the British forces. In Dec.1942 Antony Eden announced in Parliament about the Germans massacring Jews.
Dizingoffs house in Rothschild Boulevard, Tel Aviv was left to the city and became the museum and art gallery where Anna exhibited her work. The main hall in this building is the place that Ben Gurion declared Israel independence.
During the war of Independence their house was on the front lines and Jerusalem was divided leaving most of his patients on the Jordanian side of the border. Ticho died at the age of 77 in 1960 his wife Anna survived till 1980 to see the reunification of Jerusalem. Shortly before her death she was awarded the Israel Prize for art. Anna had a number of pregnancies but due to Rh factor no surviving children.
Allen Cunningham was recalled to London after the failure at El Alamein and was replaced by General Montgomery he was the last High Commissioner to British Palestine.
Friday, March 6, 2020
Becoming Abraham Lincoln: The coming of age. by Richard Kigel 2017 240pg
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Young Abraham Lincoln before he ran for office.26/1/20
Young Abraham Lincoln before he ran for office.26/1/20
Things I know are in books and my best friend will get me a book I ain't read. 1809 to 1865
Walt Whitman went to Washington in 1862 as a reporter and wanted Americans to know the devastating price paid by soldiers. He edited 2 Brooklyn papers.
Lincoln left little writings on his childhood. His law partner William Hendon became his true biographer, he searched out people who knew Lincoln's family. From 1844 till 1861 Billy Hendon was Abe's junior partner
April 3rd 1865 the Confederate army had left Richmond Virginia and Lincoln went to visit the Southern White House 12 days later he was dead.
Hendon met people from New Salem from 30 years before.
End of 1871 General Cornwallis surrendered to General Washington. Grandfather Abe Lincoln and Daniel Boone families had been friends in England. The Boone family came to Pennsylvania and the Lincoln's came to Virginia. Later they sold their farm and moved to Kentucky, where Abe was killed by Indians.
1807 Slaves could not longer be legally imported into the States. Tom Lincoln was a carpenter and moved his family to Indiana. As a territory it declared in its constitution it was a non slave state. He sold his property in Kentucky and acquired liquor was a commodity which was used as an alternative to money.
1816 Indiana became 19th State. When you went to a mill you brought your horse to provide the power and Abe was kicked and recovered from a coma. Snakeroot killed cows but if you had drunk their milk you also could die. He was 9 when his mother died but his future depended on her as she had taught him to read. His father married widow Johnson who had been a childhood friend and paid her debts and brought her to the Indiana home with her furniture and 3 children, a girl a boy Abe's age and a younger girl.
Some of the books Abe read were Robinson Caruso, Arabian Nights, Franklins autobiography, Weems life of Washington, Loss of the American Brig Commerce by James Riley. He could hear the sermon at church and repeat it verbatim afterwards. When asked what he wanted to do as an adult - become the President of the US. He was encouraged by his step mother as a mentor.
1828 Abe's sister died in childbirth with her baby this was a terrible shock to him. He had a girlfriend Ann Rutledge who he really loved and they had agreed to get married but she died in 1835. Even though Abe had a boisterous personality he was a melancholy person. Later he would bury 2 of his own sons as president, as well as a generation of healthy young Americans.
He worked as a ferryman across the from Indiana to Kentucky and ferried people to steamboats.
He and a merchants son build a raft which they floated down the Ohio and Mississippi taking goods, it took 3 weeks to New Orleans and selling or bartering them as well as the boats timber, and then returned up river by steamer. Here he saw the slave market and vowed that he would fight to end slavery, which he thought was a curse on the land.
1830 he helped move his parents to Illinois they sold the Indiana property and moved by ox wagon. He was a great wrestler when challenged to a fight.
1831 He lived in New Salem, Illinois which was on the Sangamon River where there was a saw and grist mill. When Illinois called for militia to volunteer to fight the Indians under Black Hawk and was chosen to be a Captain. Black Hawk was captured by Lieutenant Jefferson Davis who later became president of the Confederate States
1832 President Andrew Jackson against Henry Clay, Abe supported Clay.
Abe set up a trading store and lost a lot of money and he finally paid off the debt in 1946 as president. He learned maths and surveying and finally started making a good living surveying roads and property lines.
At the age of 34 Abe won a seat in the Illinois legislature and travelled by stage coach to the capital Vandalia after 1839 Springfield became the capital.
Walt Whitman went to Washington in 1862 as a reporter and wanted Americans to know the devastating price paid by soldiers. He edited 2 Brooklyn papers.
Lincoln left little writings on his childhood. His law partner William Hendon became his true biographer, he searched out people who knew Lincoln's family. From 1844 till 1861 Billy Hendon was Abe's junior partner
April 3rd 1865 the Confederate army had left Richmond Virginia and Lincoln went to visit the Southern White House 12 days later he was dead.
Hendon met people from New Salem from 30 years before.
End of 1871 General Cornwallis surrendered to General Washington. Grandfather Abe Lincoln and Daniel Boone families had been friends in England. The Boone family came to Pennsylvania and the Lincoln's came to Virginia. Later they sold their farm and moved to Kentucky, where Abe was killed by Indians.
1807 Slaves could not longer be legally imported into the States. Tom Lincoln was a carpenter and moved his family to Indiana. As a territory it declared in its constitution it was a non slave state. He sold his property in Kentucky and acquired liquor was a commodity which was used as an alternative to money.
1816 Indiana became 19th State. When you went to a mill you brought your horse to provide the power and Abe was kicked and recovered from a coma. Snakeroot killed cows but if you had drunk their milk you also could die. He was 9 when his mother died but his future depended on her as she had taught him to read. His father married widow Johnson who had been a childhood friend and paid her debts and brought her to the Indiana home with her furniture and 3 children, a girl a boy Abe's age and a younger girl.
Some of the books Abe read were Robinson Caruso, Arabian Nights, Franklins autobiography, Weems life of Washington, Loss of the American Brig Commerce by James Riley. He could hear the sermon at church and repeat it verbatim afterwards. When asked what he wanted to do as an adult - become the President of the US. He was encouraged by his step mother as a mentor.
1828 Abe's sister died in childbirth with her baby this was a terrible shock to him. He had a girlfriend Ann Rutledge who he really loved and they had agreed to get married but she died in 1835. Even though Abe had a boisterous personality he was a melancholy person. Later he would bury 2 of his own sons as president, as well as a generation of healthy young Americans.
He worked as a ferryman across the from Indiana to Kentucky and ferried people to steamboats.
He and a merchants son build a raft which they floated down the Ohio and Mississippi taking goods, it took 3 weeks to New Orleans and selling or bartering them as well as the boats timber, and then returned up river by steamer. Here he saw the slave market and vowed that he would fight to end slavery, which he thought was a curse on the land.
1830 he helped move his parents to Illinois they sold the Indiana property and moved by ox wagon. He was a great wrestler when challenged to a fight.
1831 He lived in New Salem, Illinois which was on the Sangamon River where there was a saw and grist mill. When Illinois called for militia to volunteer to fight the Indians under Black Hawk and was chosen to be a Captain. Black Hawk was captured by Lieutenant Jefferson Davis who later became president of the Confederate States
1832 President Andrew Jackson against Henry Clay, Abe supported Clay.
Abe set up a trading store and lost a lot of money and he finally paid off the debt in 1946 as president. He learned maths and surveying and finally started making a good living surveying roads and property lines.
At the age of 34 Abe won a seat in the Illinois legislature and travelled by stage coach to the capital Vandalia after 1839 Springfield became the capital.
Thursday, March 5, 2020
Cry from the Deep by Ramsey Flynn 2011 210pg. Kursk submarine disaster in 2000
Russia's Atomic Submarine Disaster 2/2/20
The sinking of the Kursk submarine disaster
Murmarsk is the Arctic hub of the Russian submarine world. The gulf current keeps this area warm and ice free. Here is .Chernay Rechka along a river where Alexander Puskin died from a duel wound.
July 9 2000 the Kursk was a 6 year old twin engine nuclear sub. It has 10 air tight compartments and a crew of 118 men. Putin had been President from Dec31 1999 replacing Yeltsin. Putin was the son of a submariner. Cash strapped Russia's submarine fleet had dwindled from 114 in 1990 to 34. Safety became a casualty of the economic collapse. It cost NATO millions keeping sight of these subs .The Admiral Kuznetsuv was the only remaining aircraft carrier.
The Barents sea is 750 feet deep. With alcoholism the average Russian man usual life expectancy in 65 years old. Fat Girl was the worlds biggest torpedo it contained HTP 85% hydrogen peroxide oxidiser which years earlier had stopped being used in the west as too unstable and had exploded accidentally in1966, 1970,1972 1977. The loading cranes were poorly maintained and the crane factory was now in Odessa part of Ukraine. Paperwork and maintenance of the equipment was poorly kept and tools were stolen so not available when needed. The leading torpedoist were not available and one reported that the Fat Girl was unsafe being loaded . Putin had just met Yasser Arafat and there had been the war in Chechnia.
Two blasts rocked the Barends Sea during a naval exercise and the USS Memphis felts it from 25 miles away then a 3.5 on the Richter scale felt in Norway by seismologists. The Memphis moves away so not to be detected. Knowing the Russians will blame a foreign submarine
23 sailors move to an upper compartment with an escape hatch and emergency equipment .they confirm that the reactors have automatically shut down. The buoys that should go up to indicate their position don't detach. The exercise ends and is shown as success but after 4 hours they have not heard from the Kurtz and start looking. the sailors keep banging a SOS on the escape trunk to attract attention, metal thieves have pilfered breathing masks.
The Russian search and rescue equipment was scrapped or not maintained and there is no reward for delivering bad news in Russia , no alarm is raised.
The Pentagon is informed about this but nobody in Moscow is aware. Admiral Popov only raises the alarm 12 hours after the sub is reported missing.
Rumours reach the home port by sailors who were involved in the search. US Radio Liberty reports what it knows. Once Russian government has gone public Western government offer to help, which is rejected but told over the radio. Callers want the government to get foreign help.
Russian government is known for its telling lies. They value machinery over their citizens. Ehud Barak speaks to Puttin asking him to accept aid and Putin replies that all the seamen are dead. The Admiral had told Putin they knew what they were doing.
Russia biggest daily paper for $650 get a list of who was on the Kurst from a naval officer. When the foreign experts and equipment arrive they can't get the technical details they need.
Putin remembers when he was in East Germany and the KGB office was attacked the phone in Moscow was silent. Kursk is the region where the biggest tank battle that turned back the German army took place.
Gorbechev's mishandling of the Chernobyl by keeping it secret is an example of what not to do. While after Yelsen's free for all chaos the nation wanted a powerful man the ideal of the soviet era.
George Tenet the CIA director arrived in Moscow. Popov assurances of a rescue bid was just a charade. When Russian were brought onto the Eagle a commercial diving vessel used in the oil industry they remarked to each other that Russia was 20 years behind. The buoy meant to signal was still in its original package material and never tested as required.
In the US Mark Madish was under NSA Sandy Berger in the Clinton administration Strobe Talbot was deputy Sec of State and Norman Cohen was Sec of Defence.
Kolesnikov's note was found and published in the press it logged about the 23 still alive and a note to his wife. An oxygen regeneration cartridge fell into the water and exploded consuming all remaining oxygen.
Russian press - America wins first round of WW3. Putin kept distance from the collision theory.
The US tried to dissuade the Russians from giving Iran technical help.
Widows or families were given a $25000 payout and there was not Soviet style cover up. At the cemetery were also the tombs of those who survived the 900 day blockade of Leningrad as well as the Soviet Afgan fighters and then Chenya ones.
Admiral Popov and Verich give contradictory permission to the foreign help vessel,
Later the Kursk was raised by a western contractor and the top navy people are fired but quietly given government jobs. The truth being told put up Putin's rating and it appears this way he go proper control of the military.
He returned the national anthem of the Soviet union even though some words were changed.
In Oct 2002 when hostages' were taken by Chechen rebels and a knock out gas used to anesthetize them and 129 children were killed and the doctors were not told what drug was used to be able to use an antidote - so Russia had reverted to the old ways of people not being important.
Russia continued to arm Saddam Hussein with night vision equipment.
The sinking of the Kursk submarine disaster
Murmarsk is the Arctic hub of the Russian submarine world. The gulf current keeps this area warm and ice free. Here is .Chernay Rechka along a river where Alexander Puskin died from a duel wound.
July 9 2000 the Kursk was a 6 year old twin engine nuclear sub. It has 10 air tight compartments and a crew of 118 men. Putin had been President from Dec31 1999 replacing Yeltsin. Putin was the son of a submariner. Cash strapped Russia's submarine fleet had dwindled from 114 in 1990 to 34. Safety became a casualty of the economic collapse. It cost NATO millions keeping sight of these subs .The Admiral Kuznetsuv was the only remaining aircraft carrier.
The Barents sea is 750 feet deep. With alcoholism the average Russian man usual life expectancy in 65 years old. Fat Girl was the worlds biggest torpedo it contained HTP 85% hydrogen peroxide oxidiser which years earlier had stopped being used in the west as too unstable and had exploded accidentally in1966, 1970,1972 1977. The loading cranes were poorly maintained and the crane factory was now in Odessa part of Ukraine. Paperwork and maintenance of the equipment was poorly kept and tools were stolen so not available when needed. The leading torpedoist were not available and one reported that the Fat Girl was unsafe being loaded . Putin had just met Yasser Arafat and there had been the war in Chechnia.
Two blasts rocked the Barends Sea during a naval exercise and the USS Memphis felts it from 25 miles away then a 3.5 on the Richter scale felt in Norway by seismologists. The Memphis moves away so not to be detected. Knowing the Russians will blame a foreign submarine
23 sailors move to an upper compartment with an escape hatch and emergency equipment .they confirm that the reactors have automatically shut down. The buoys that should go up to indicate their position don't detach. The exercise ends and is shown as success but after 4 hours they have not heard from the Kurtz and start looking. the sailors keep banging a SOS on the escape trunk to attract attention, metal thieves have pilfered breathing masks.
The Russian search and rescue equipment was scrapped or not maintained and there is no reward for delivering bad news in Russia , no alarm is raised.
The Pentagon is informed about this but nobody in Moscow is aware. Admiral Popov only raises the alarm 12 hours after the sub is reported missing.
Rumours reach the home port by sailors who were involved in the search. US Radio Liberty reports what it knows. Once Russian government has gone public Western government offer to help, which is rejected but told over the radio. Callers want the government to get foreign help.
Russian government is known for its telling lies. They value machinery over their citizens. Ehud Barak speaks to Puttin asking him to accept aid and Putin replies that all the seamen are dead. The Admiral had told Putin they knew what they were doing.
Russia biggest daily paper for $650 get a list of who was on the Kurst from a naval officer. When the foreign experts and equipment arrive they can't get the technical details they need.
Putin remembers when he was in East Germany and the KGB office was attacked the phone in Moscow was silent. Kursk is the region where the biggest tank battle that turned back the German army took place.
Gorbechev's mishandling of the Chernobyl by keeping it secret is an example of what not to do. While after Yelsen's free for all chaos the nation wanted a powerful man the ideal of the soviet era.
George Tenet the CIA director arrived in Moscow. Popov assurances of a rescue bid was just a charade. When Russian were brought onto the Eagle a commercial diving vessel used in the oil industry they remarked to each other that Russia was 20 years behind. The buoy meant to signal was still in its original package material and never tested as required.
In the US Mark Madish was under NSA Sandy Berger in the Clinton administration Strobe Talbot was deputy Sec of State and Norman Cohen was Sec of Defence.
Kolesnikov's note was found and published in the press it logged about the 23 still alive and a note to his wife. An oxygen regeneration cartridge fell into the water and exploded consuming all remaining oxygen.
Russian press - America wins first round of WW3. Putin kept distance from the collision theory.
The US tried to dissuade the Russians from giving Iran technical help.
Widows or families were given a $25000 payout and there was not Soviet style cover up. At the cemetery were also the tombs of those who survived the 900 day blockade of Leningrad as well as the Soviet Afgan fighters and then Chenya ones.
Admiral Popov and Verich give contradictory permission to the foreign help vessel,
Later the Kursk was raised by a western contractor and the top navy people are fired but quietly given government jobs. The truth being told put up Putin's rating and it appears this way he go proper control of the military.
He returned the national anthem of the Soviet union even though some words were changed.
In Oct 2002 when hostages' were taken by Chechen rebels and a knock out gas used to anesthetize them and 129 children were killed and the doctors were not told what drug was used to be able to use an antidote - so Russia had reverted to the old ways of people not being important.
Russia continued to arm Saddam Hussein with night vision equipment.
Tuesday, March 3, 2020
The Last Day Wrath Ruin and Reason in the Great Lisbon Earthquake of 1755 by Nicholas Shrady 2008
Lisbon Earthquake of 1755 3/1/2020
All Saints Day Nov.1st 1755 Lisbon is on the Tagus river which is surrounded by 7 hills. From 1260 it was the Capitol of Portugal and Henry the Navigator sent Vasco de Gama out from here. King JoaoV fancied himself as Le Roi Soleil. Britain controlled much of the re-export business. With this numerous trade clerks and accountants had to be imported as the level of education was so low in Portugal. Buildings adorned with uzulejo tiles. Portugal was a landscape of piety and devotion with lots of churches convents, religious societies, it was an entrenched theocracy the church dominating education . It still had the Inquisition which was started in 1536, Palacio do Estaus was its headquarters. Casa India was the seat of Lisbons trade and there was a thriving merchant class. Soa Vincente de Fora was build to commemorate the defeat of the Moors.
Three shocks of earthquake followed by fires, when people escaped to the Tagus river then 3 tsunamis struck so both sea and land were cursed. The fires burned bodies so stopped a plague outbreak
King Jose 1 and Queen Maria Ana Victoria and 4 daughters were in Belem and moved to tents in the garden. The salvation of the Royal family would keep Portugal independent and uphold authority. Carvalho Marquis de Pombal survived and said "Bury the Dead and feed the living" he was given the authority to run the country. He had had 2 advantages marriages, and graduated from University of Coimbra. Had been a diplomat in London and met with the large Portuguese Jewish exile community. Had read Colbert , Hobbes and Locke.
He didn't want the capital moved he needed the king to stay in Lisbon. Lisbon was the third busiest port in Europe after Amsterdam and London. Trade was with Europe Africa Americas and Asia.. King George II of Britain got the treasury to allocate 100 000pounds and food was sent mostly from Ireland..
Netherland was not charitable the Calvinist clergy said the earthquake was against Papist idols. Never had a natural disaster brought the outpouring of aid, neither the great fire of London 1666 or the Netherlands flood of 1565.
10% of Lisbon's 250 000 population was lost and the worst hit were those attending mass. Only the snuffing out of Pompeii could compare to the destruction here. Hundred of paintings of Titian, Correggio and Rubens were lost and the most important libraries burned. The state mint survived and needed with the gold and silver to pay for imports. The fleet had survived outside the harbour and would be needed against the Barbary pirates. The Aquaduct das Aguas Livras of 1748functioned bringing water to the city.
Historically Portugal was made up of Lusitanian tribes. Jews had suffered under the Visigoth rule. With the Muslim invasion as long as local paid their taxes to the Califate religion was no issue. Greek classics destroyed in Christian book burning were now rediscovered in Arabic. Later the harsh Almoravid dynasty caused an anti Muslim backlash. 1147 Anglo Norman Flemish and German Crusaders drove out the Muslims for Lisbon and many locals prudently converted back to Christianity. Muslims moved to Andalusia, Algarve or to North Africa. Alfama area was an exclusive Moorish neighbourhood.
Slave labour was used in colonies by many Europeans but only Portugal allowed slaves to enter and Christian children were freed making Portugal a mestizo society indifferent to race.
Emigration from Portugal to the colonies drained Portugal then 1569 the Black Death. The forced conversion and banishment of Jews. Lisbon had boasted several Hebrew printing presses. Jews were pivotal in Portuguese society the most dynamic and well educated. 1492 100 000 Jews were given asylum in Portugal in exchange for a hefty poll tax. Dutch traders were assisted by Jewish capital started to dominate global trade.
Heresy was stricken from English statue in 1677. In Portugal education was in the Jesuit hands and most kings had been educated by them. 1851 Portugal was under Spain so suddenly England, France and Holland were here new enemies.
1640 Catalans rebelled against Felipe. While Spain was bogged down under Joao IV "the Restorer" Portugal took independence. Joaos daughter married Charles II of England bringing an Anglo Portuguese treaty. The gold from Portugal allowed the King to rule without calling a Cortes.
Only the patrician class got an education from the church. Education used exclusively Latin. The church, Crown and nobles preferred the population to remain ignorant. Portugal was a supplier of raw materials but it was the Dutch who set up sugar refineries or Jews who cut diamonds elsewhere.
We have the writing of Rousseau and Voltaire who wrote "Candide",just before this period.
Many churches in Europe and Portuguese Jews in Hamburg prayed for Lisbon. If this was the work of God it discouraged people from taking care of themselves.
The Jesuit leader Malgrida wrote "The True Cause of the Earthquake" and was forbidden to preach on the subject. Protestant countries including Wesley felt that God had released his vengeance on Popish idolatry. The chief Inquisitor and all the building and equipment of the inquisition had been destroyed. The best skilled people were Portuguese from abroad including diplomats and international merchants as well as "New Christians" but the Jesuits kept these enlightened out of the universities.
The birth of seismology started from this earthquake and the Reverend John Michell of Cambridge. Rumours of the cause of the great Fire in London of 1666 in the Charles II had taken a Catholic wife.
1756 Pombal Survey documenting what people saw during the earthquake a first document on Seismology. The English writer Henry Fielding (Tom Jones) document what he witnessed as he was living there.
Manual da Maia was 78 and was chief military engineer and he was in charge of rebuilding and he appointed young architects and imposed a military regimental discipline. Unless a determined effort was made in Lisbon merchant would move elsewhere. The Baixa was razed and a new city centre emerged. Church property was respected. Property owners were paid out but the cohesive plan went ahead. Buildings were build on with deep foundations and triangular beams in the walls against earthquakes.
Christopher Wren never managed to bring a brilliant urban scheme after the great fire because of property rights. But Filipo Juvarra expanded Turin in the 18C. Baron Hauseman in Paris and Ildefonso Cerda in Barcelona took inspiration from the dos Santos style in Lisbon.
A plot against the king implicated the Marques to Tavora and Carvalho used this as an excuse to take full control.
Ignacio had forbidden the Jesuits to accumulate wealth but they had become a landed class, and a year after the attempt on the king Jesuits were rounded up and sent to the Papal states. Father Gabriel Malagrida their leader was kept in a dudgeon. Books of science philosophy and history started coming off the royal printing press. In 1766 a big celebration was held for the inauguration of the Baixa restoration and a statue of the King was unveiled on the kings 61st birthday. A year later the king died.
. Carvalho other reforms was that he abolished slavery, unified the tax code, reformed the military and regulated trade.
After Carvalho's 27 year rule the king died and his oldest daughter Maria became Portugal's first female sovereign and dismissed him. She embarked on a reactionary agenda. Later when Napoleon took over Portugal in 1807 the royal family fled to Brazil where they stayed till 1821. Then Brazil declared independence in1822 and Portugal reverted to a stagnant smoldering civil war. Without its colonies Portugal would be a third rate power.
Carvalho's name was posthumously restored in 1833.
2005 on Nov 1st which was 250 years after the earthquake an international seismology conference took place in Lisbon the birthplace of this discipline.
All Saints Day Nov.1st 1755 Lisbon is on the Tagus river which is surrounded by 7 hills. From 1260 it was the Capitol of Portugal and Henry the Navigator sent Vasco de Gama out from here. King JoaoV fancied himself as Le Roi Soleil. Britain controlled much of the re-export business. With this numerous trade clerks and accountants had to be imported as the level of education was so low in Portugal. Buildings adorned with uzulejo tiles. Portugal was a landscape of piety and devotion with lots of churches convents, religious societies, it was an entrenched theocracy the church dominating education . It still had the Inquisition which was started in 1536, Palacio do Estaus was its headquarters. Casa India was the seat of Lisbons trade and there was a thriving merchant class. Soa Vincente de Fora was build to commemorate the defeat of the Moors.
Three shocks of earthquake followed by fires, when people escaped to the Tagus river then 3 tsunamis struck so both sea and land were cursed. The fires burned bodies so stopped a plague outbreak
King Jose 1 and Queen Maria Ana Victoria and 4 daughters were in Belem and moved to tents in the garden. The salvation of the Royal family would keep Portugal independent and uphold authority. Carvalho Marquis de Pombal survived and said "Bury the Dead and feed the living" he was given the authority to run the country. He had had 2 advantages marriages, and graduated from University of Coimbra. Had been a diplomat in London and met with the large Portuguese Jewish exile community. Had read Colbert , Hobbes and Locke.
He didn't want the capital moved he needed the king to stay in Lisbon. Lisbon was the third busiest port in Europe after Amsterdam and London. Trade was with Europe Africa Americas and Asia.. King George II of Britain got the treasury to allocate 100 000pounds and food was sent mostly from Ireland..
Netherland was not charitable the Calvinist clergy said the earthquake was against Papist idols. Never had a natural disaster brought the outpouring of aid, neither the great fire of London 1666 or the Netherlands flood of 1565.
10% of Lisbon's 250 000 population was lost and the worst hit were those attending mass. Only the snuffing out of Pompeii could compare to the destruction here. Hundred of paintings of Titian, Correggio and Rubens were lost and the most important libraries burned. The state mint survived and needed with the gold and silver to pay for imports. The fleet had survived outside the harbour and would be needed against the Barbary pirates. The Aquaduct das Aguas Livras of 1748functioned bringing water to the city.
Historically Portugal was made up of Lusitanian tribes. Jews had suffered under the Visigoth rule. With the Muslim invasion as long as local paid their taxes to the Califate religion was no issue. Greek classics destroyed in Christian book burning were now rediscovered in Arabic. Later the harsh Almoravid dynasty caused an anti Muslim backlash. 1147 Anglo Norman Flemish and German Crusaders drove out the Muslims for Lisbon and many locals prudently converted back to Christianity. Muslims moved to Andalusia, Algarve or to North Africa. Alfama area was an exclusive Moorish neighbourhood.
Slave labour was used in colonies by many Europeans but only Portugal allowed slaves to enter and Christian children were freed making Portugal a mestizo society indifferent to race.
Emigration from Portugal to the colonies drained Portugal then 1569 the Black Death. The forced conversion and banishment of Jews. Lisbon had boasted several Hebrew printing presses. Jews were pivotal in Portuguese society the most dynamic and well educated. 1492 100 000 Jews were given asylum in Portugal in exchange for a hefty poll tax. Dutch traders were assisted by Jewish capital started to dominate global trade.
Heresy was stricken from English statue in 1677. In Portugal education was in the Jesuit hands and most kings had been educated by them. 1851 Portugal was under Spain so suddenly England, France and Holland were here new enemies.
1640 Catalans rebelled against Felipe. While Spain was bogged down under Joao IV "the Restorer" Portugal took independence. Joaos daughter married Charles II of England bringing an Anglo Portuguese treaty. The gold from Portugal allowed the King to rule without calling a Cortes.
Only the patrician class got an education from the church. Education used exclusively Latin. The church, Crown and nobles preferred the population to remain ignorant. Portugal was a supplier of raw materials but it was the Dutch who set up sugar refineries or Jews who cut diamonds elsewhere.
We have the writing of Rousseau and Voltaire who wrote "Candide",just before this period.
Many churches in Europe and Portuguese Jews in Hamburg prayed for Lisbon. If this was the work of God it discouraged people from taking care of themselves.
The Jesuit leader Malgrida wrote "The True Cause of the Earthquake" and was forbidden to preach on the subject. Protestant countries including Wesley felt that God had released his vengeance on Popish idolatry. The chief Inquisitor and all the building and equipment of the inquisition had been destroyed. The best skilled people were Portuguese from abroad including diplomats and international merchants as well as "New Christians" but the Jesuits kept these enlightened out of the universities.
The birth of seismology started from this earthquake and the Reverend John Michell of Cambridge. Rumours of the cause of the great Fire in London of 1666 in the Charles II had taken a Catholic wife.
1756 Pombal Survey documenting what people saw during the earthquake a first document on Seismology. The English writer Henry Fielding (Tom Jones) document what he witnessed as he was living there.
Manual da Maia was 78 and was chief military engineer and he was in charge of rebuilding and he appointed young architects and imposed a military regimental discipline. Unless a determined effort was made in Lisbon merchant would move elsewhere. The Baixa was razed and a new city centre emerged. Church property was respected. Property owners were paid out but the cohesive plan went ahead. Buildings were build on with deep foundations and triangular beams in the walls against earthquakes.
Christopher Wren never managed to bring a brilliant urban scheme after the great fire because of property rights. But Filipo Juvarra expanded Turin in the 18C. Baron Hauseman in Paris and Ildefonso Cerda in Barcelona took inspiration from the dos Santos style in Lisbon.
A plot against the king implicated the Marques to Tavora and Carvalho used this as an excuse to take full control.
Ignacio had forbidden the Jesuits to accumulate wealth but they had become a landed class, and a year after the attempt on the king Jesuits were rounded up and sent to the Papal states. Father Gabriel Malagrida their leader was kept in a dudgeon. Books of science philosophy and history started coming off the royal printing press. In 1766 a big celebration was held for the inauguration of the Baixa restoration and a statue of the King was unveiled on the kings 61st birthday. A year later the king died.
. Carvalho other reforms was that he abolished slavery, unified the tax code, reformed the military and regulated trade.
After Carvalho's 27 year rule the king died and his oldest daughter Maria became Portugal's first female sovereign and dismissed him. She embarked on a reactionary agenda. Later when Napoleon took over Portugal in 1807 the royal family fled to Brazil where they stayed till 1821. Then Brazil declared independence in1822 and Portugal reverted to a stagnant smoldering civil war. Without its colonies Portugal would be a third rate power.
Carvalho's name was posthumously restored in 1833.
2005 on Nov 1st which was 250 years after the earthquake an international seismology conference took place in Lisbon the birthplace of this discipline.
American Revolution 1765 to 1783
French Revolution 1789
Berlin 1936: Sixteen days in August by Oliver Hilmes 2018 270pg
Berlin 1936: Hitler's Olympics 10/12/19
Berlin was awarded the Olympics in 1931- that is 2 years before Hitler came to power.
Henri de Bailet -Latour a Belgium was the head of the IOC and thus was supposed to be the ceremonial head but Hitler over rode the protocol and used it for propaganda. Richard Strauss wrote the Olympic Anthem. He also wrote a new opera The Silent Women but had to get permission to put it on as the libretti was by Stephen Zweig. The German Travel Club Union went to Spain" to be involved in the war there" later called the Legion Condor. Hitler sent German aircraft to Morocco to save the Spanish nationalist rebellion by flying them to Spain.
29000 Hitler Youth were at the Olympic opening.
The first Olympic were in Greece 1894 this was the 11th. The bringing of the flame was invented for here. Thomas Clayton Woolf a US author wrote Look Homeward Angel 1932 and Of time and the River 1935 both translated into German. He told Martha Dodd that different things are not allowed to be talked about in different countries. In the US you are not allowed to criticize the Jews. She then explained to him what the Nuremburg Laws meant and about the concentration camps he was not aware of this. That also homosexuals, communists , social democrats had been put in jail. Now that he knew what to look out for he wrote a short book called Things I have to Tell, he died in 1938 the day Chamberlin met Hitler. William Edward Dodd is appointed US ambassador to Berlin by Roosevelt. He is a professor, historian not so keen on the job and his daughter Marsha is the socialite. She later wrote a book "My years in Germany.
Wagner was Hitler favourite composer.
The Austrian representative was aware that a lot of pro Hitler Austrians were spectators. The Polish ambassador Josef Lipski whispered the Nazi's could mobilize the whole nation this way for war. Lally Horstmann the daughter of a wealthy banking family and her husband Alfred an art collector.
Thomas Mann got the Nobel Prize in 1927 and fled Germany in 1933. Mascha Kaleko became the leading poet in Germany till they realized she was Jewish and she fled to the US in 1938. The Sheribini bar a leading place where artist met in Berlin run by Yvonne who was Jewish.
Jesse Owen's German competitor was told off for embracing a Negro. Hitler would not shake hand with Owens, who won 4 gold medal. He returned home and battled to make a living and said that the US president snubbed him as he never received congratulations from him.
Axel Springer was there as a young reporter, after the war set up the Axel Springer Press which included Die Bilt.
Helene Mayer is the pride of German as a world renown fencer and presented a prize by President von Hindenburg but after Jan 1933 her town of Offenbach strikes her name from the role as she is a half Jew.
Leni Riefenstahl is making a movie of the Olympics to be used as Nazi propaganda with money allocated directly from Hitler.
Ribbentrop charms Robert Vansittart that Germany is not warmongering, but remarks on one occasion that if England doesn't give Germany a chance to live there will be a war of annihilation between them.
1933 Oct Germany leaves the League of Nations and Geneva Convention
1935 March Universal Conscription in Germany
1936 March German troops enter the Rhineland
Summer, prisoners are building Sachsenhausen 60km from Berlin
July from Prague a The German Workers Illustrated newpaper is being smuggled into Germany and describes all the concentration camps.
Arvid and Mildred Harnacks are Soviet spies. He works as an economist for the German government he warned Russia of Germany's invasion.. She was an American and a translator and in the anti Nazi resistance. They were both caught and executed at the end of 1942.
2 weeks before the ollympics Gypeys were dumped out in a field in Marzahn 25 km from the Olympics.
Basketball was played as an Olympic game for the first time.
1936 Bernard Berghause build the Berlin-Luceck Machine factory that played a big part in German armaments production.
Ciro Bar was a leading jazz and entertainment place encouraged to entertains foreign tourist just till the Olympics ended.
Wilhelm Furtwangler was the leading conductor critisised the anti Semitism, but did not leave Germany during the war.
Peter Frohlich later wrote in his book that you can become Jewish 1 by birth, 2 by conversion 3 if the German government decides you are Jewish. He and his parent left Germany in 1939 and got to Cuba and from there to the NY where under his the name Peter Gay was a leading historian on Germany.
Hans Fallada wrote Wolf Amongst Wolves at the time when he was not in rehab as an alcoholic.
Charlottenburg was called Charlettengrad as it had so many Russian who had fled the revolution.
Teddy Stauffer of the original band The Teddies recorded 50 records including "Jeeper Creeper". They were closed down in 1939 and he could not get into the US so set up in Acapulco, Mexico and that became a bit holiday attraction across the border.
Eleanor Holm Jarret was not allowed to swim in the US team as she had been in an alcohol coma. She and team mate Glen Morris who took part in the Olympics acted in 1938 in Tarzan's Revenge .Holm married Billy Rose after he divorced Fanny Brice.
Leib Moritz Kohn alias Leon Henri Dajou a Romanian Jew with a Uruguay passport owned the Quartier Latin patronized by many of the Gestapo later opened the Casanova club in London.
Otto Klemperer survived both the 3rd Reich and Dresden bombing.
Die Sturmer by Julius Streicher was a weekly tabloid that made Streicher rich but it embarrassed the Nazi party and was not allowed to be used in Hitler Youth education it was so bad. It was not published during the Olympics. Streicher was hanged at Nuremburg.
2 different US official of the IOC were sent to Germany to see if Jews were allowed to take part in the Olympic, They indicated that there was not a problem even in his Chicago sport club Jews can't be members, Had the US boycotted the 1936 games other countries would have followed. Hitler's respectability thus challenged could have changed history.
From what we see here even by 1960 German pop and jazz music was so destroyed after this that in 1960 groups like the Beatles were in high demand come from England.
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The first Paralympics, known as the Stoke Mandeville Games, were held in 1948 at Stoke Mandeville Hospital in England, organized by Dr. Ludwig Guttmann for 16 World War II. injured servicemen. Ludwig Guttmann 1899 -1980 a German Jewish neurologist, from Tost Upper Silesia. In early 1939 the Nazi's sent him to treat a friend of Portuguese dictator Salazar. Then he went onto Oxford. His work was on spinal cord injuries.
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