£. An English Affair : Sex class and power in the age of Profumo by Richard Davenport -Hines 2013 343pg

The Scandal that Changed British politics entirely 4/4/24 

Labour politician Richard Crossman reflected "There's a  legal world , the doctors world , artistic , dramatic , the political world etc. . Each is a discrete segment of British society but all converged in the Profumo Affair of 1963

1  Prime Minister

Harold Macmillan born in 1894 ad was Prime Minister from 1957 when Antony Edan resigned  till 1963. The family had originated from the Scottish Island of Arran. His war experiences proved his courage but shattered his nerves, he was wounded 5 times. He was a bomb officer on the western front. Macmillan admired Lloyd George as a PM. He and Asquith were the best read 20C Prime Ministers.  His wife was Lady Dorothy Cavendish. Dorothy  was having an affair with a Conservative MP Robert Boothby. Macmillan refused to give her a divorce. Because he loved her and promised suicide if she deserted him, and a divorced man could not stand for higher office.

1969 till these Divorce Reforms one of the marriage partners had to be judged guilty of adulatory or marital cruelty before a divorce could be granted.  Dorothy's infidelity till she died in 1966 made Macmillan reluctant to speak to Profumo directly about his affairs with Keeler

1959 Margaret Thatcher was elected for Finchley because a woman seemed less objectionable than her rival who was Jewish. 1959 Conservative won as they were more as a  party of liberty and progress.

1960 Richard Wood was the only minister who supported decriminalizing homosexualism. 

A public schools boys were taught that you can't rule unless you learn to obey. Tory party members were kept by the party whips obedient to the party leadership.  Macmillan claimed that the achievement of full employment with the highest standard of living was due to British brain power. Between Macmillan seizing the leadership in 1957 till the banking crises in 2008 was an exceptional period of a time of abundance.

 Macmillan was a superb speaker, he said the Empire was" not Breaking up but Growing up." He said "you have never had it so good" meaning "it is too good to last"

1963 Traits of homophobia erupted during the summer of 1963 the Profumo resignation and the Denning Report.

1963 Macmillan cabinet was of the youngest average age of the century.

2   War Minister 

In 1954 John Profumo married actress Valarie Hobson.

BBCs first television service was opened in 1936 and Independent TV started in 1956. The Profumo's were a legal and mercantile family from Sardinia and the third baron settled in England and was naturalized in 1877 and founded the Provident Life Association.

People sent their boys to Public Schools like Harrow to learn good manners but they were only good for people who had the same kind of schooling. Of 3000 Harrovians who served in the great war 20% died on the battlefield. The rituals of soldieryness and conformity was embedded in their timetables.

The English of 1951 had a fear of their neighbors and what people would say if the did something different from the rest. This stifles originality and invention and prevents the English from enjoying themselves. Profumo belief that he could bluff senior of  his denial of the affair with Christene Keeler was learned in the stupid humbug of Harrow.

Profumo fought in WW2 and was a decorated war hero both from the British and Americans.

It took till the season of 1956 to revive full smart London and started enjoying themselves. Profumo used the late nigh ministry sittings as an alibi for his amourous adventures. Not intellectual assertive women but rather painted and fun loving amateur females. Other minister had extramarital adventures which was alright as long as they didn't get caught.

When Antony Eden's health suffered as a result of Suez he recuperated in Jamaica at Ian Flemings home.

Attlee and Macmillan were the only PMs in 3 centuries seriously wounded in war. In the fifties children were aware of war wounded amputees or one eyed and disfigured fathers of their friends. Public men had to show that they had a good war. In the 1950s much was considered different "Before the War" You could see the damaged bombed out building everywhere.  There were spinsters and widows who were so lonely and miserable.

1947 All 18 year old men  were conscripted to the army for 18 month and this was extended to 2 years with the outbreak of the Korean War and were on reserve for a further 4 years. Conscription ended in 1960.  

 3       Lord

William Waldorf Astor a NY plutocrat settled in England in 1890 and the bought Cliveden he wanted to become part of English aristocratic society. His son  and heir Waldorf 's wife Nancy became the first woman MP in 1919.

Nancy seemed to undermine her 4 sons wives and they married a total of 11 times as a result. 

1956 The Astor MP in the Tory party objected to Edan's joining the French in the Suez crises as they were supporter of the Anglo American Atlantic Alliance. The Suez crises from Eastern Europe where Russia marched into Hungary.  The Astor's were amongst the 8 Tory MPs to bring down Eden. Bill went to help escaping  refugees crossing the border out of Hungary.  This Suez crises ended Bills parliamentary career as well as his marriage with Philippa Hunloke.

1956 Bill offered Spring Cottage on his property to Stephen Ward. The Beaverbrook staff had a continuous vendetta against the Astors which ended with the Profumo Affair. 

Cliveden entertained the leading people of British society including Isiah Berlin, generals artists writers. 

1960 he married Bronwyn Pugh. Daphne du Maurier   in her novel Rebecca describes Mandelay of the second wife who arrives and finds no role amongst the servants. Bronwyn was taken by Bill to meet Dr. Stephen Ward on the estate but when the Profumo scandal broke out and Ward committed suicide it would bring irredeemable sorrow to their marriage.

4 Doctor

Churchill son Randolph  hurt his back and could not get relief from doctors and medications. He went to the Osteopath Stephen Ward and got relief in 10 minutes. The General  Medical Council acted like the Boilermakers Union, a closed shop keeping illnesses  in their own hands. Osteology started in 1870 by Andrew Stills. Through manipulation of the joints you got the body to cure itself. Osteology was rejected in 1935 in England and they could not get jobs in hospital under the NHS. So the practitioners depended on fee paying patients.

1912 Ward born in Lemsford Hertfordshire he went to study in Kirksville Missouri. During the war he was a army medic even though they refused to recognize him as a doctor.1947 he set up a practice in Cavandish Square and lived in Orme Road, Bayswater.  His girl  chasing was so showy that several acquaintances suspected that his Casanova complex hid latent homosexuality or impotency. In 1949 Bill Astor consulted him with an injured back.

1956 as Astor's 2nd marriage to Phillipa was unravelling he used Ward as a intermediary for an attempt at reconciliation. Bill now  allowed Ward to occupy Spring Cottage on the property. The Observer described Ward as a compulsive exhibitionist who required and audience to provide stimulus and confidence. He sought glamour and influence and not money.

1948 The National Health Service was established this caused patients to demand more from doctors and the became disrespectful to them. So doctors demanded higher payment. The British Medical Association considered that sex without the possibility of pregnancy was improper. Male homosexuality deserved public hostility as it was repulsive. This type of attitude resulted in 1963 in  Ward being victimized by politicians, framed by the police, reviled by lawyers and osteology falling to the level of quackery. 

1961 The Daily Telegraph commissioned him to draw ink sketches at the Eichmann Trial in Jerusalem. He did many in sketches of prominent people and royalty, they only needed to sit about 20 minutes for him.

5 Good Time Girls 

Women at the time of Profumo Affair were subjugated by domestic constraints, sexual assumptions and judicial oppression. It was this milieu  that Christine Keeler and Mandy Rice Davis emerged.  

1956 Sexual Offences Act passed without committee or debate. This criminated activities that many though inoffensive. The legislators in the House of Lords were elderly males and women were excluded till 1958. It was assumed that a woman or pair of women out at night without a man were prostitutes. Marriage was seen as a social institution rather than a loving partnership for the good of the society rather than individual happiness.

Dorothy Macmillan refused to be a downtrodden wife and determined not to be a doormat of live in a gilded cage.

Improved condoms came out in the mid 50s changed sexual attitudes. Women wanted to work to gain independence even if the cost of paying a baby minder used the extra money.

1960 Peeping Tom was the first feature movie with a nude. Pamela Green earned so much from this she had no objection to her body being exposed.

1955 John Bloom in the started selling discounted Bloom washing machines so by 1966 ,60% of households owned washing machines. Christene Holdfords husband killed her because she told him he was little boy" and their son was not his. Holford was sentenced for manslaughter and only for  3 years.

1948 Social Behavior in the human male and in 1953 Social behavior in the human female by Alfred Kinsey. These books caused a furor in the home office. By 1956 the press and magazine became obsessed with models If they got jobs as strippers had to remain static.  At Murrays night club Christine met Ward.

Christene was attracted to black men from the American airbase and in the 1960 that was condemned. By contrast Mandy was attracted to Jewish men like Peter Rachman.

6 Landlords

Lewis Silken won a maths scholarship to Wooster Collage, Oxford but the headmaster of his school decided that the son of East End Jews was unsuitable for university and kyboshed his chance.

There was the social exclusion of Jewish East Londoner and Frederick Raphael said; We tried being patriotic , we tried being philanthropic, we tried doing everything and it didn't do us any good, if they want to kill us they'll , kill us.

Banbury drapers, ironmongers and grocers had money for expansion but not the urge, they were sure of their social position. Whereas the developers were proud of being danger men, not public school boys trained by the number of buttons that should be fastened on blazers, or venerate spurious traditions.

 

Charles Chlore , Jack Cotton

Peter Rachman was a holocaust survivor whose name inspired the hostile epithet Rachmanism. He started off by renting flats in his own name and subletting to prostitutes', and brothels. Flats were rented controlled at prices from 1939, this no longer applied if tenants were dislodged.  This was done by moving blacks into the area, these were people who could not find accommodation, he was their savior. . Rachman felt the same disclination and they had a lot of respect for him and liked him. The Landlords profited by this racial tension and it caused the Notting Hill riots in 1958. Rachman had been invited to Wards cottage on Cliveden and met Christine there. He died in 1962 of a heart attack.

7 Hacks

The Profumo Affair occurred when the press saw falling circulation, and were aggressively persuading stories. 

1955   ITV started commercial TV causing a sharp drop in paper sales especially for the Sunday press. By 1960 72% of the population had access to the 2 TV channels. This was undermining the old puritanism. TV started showing criminals , prostitutes', the sexually or socially marginalized interviews full face and it was abolishing shame.  Editors long knew that sex stories sold papers. Some papers used this Affair to promote their support of the Labour party. A successful paper had to be provocative and confident in its own importance. Reporters were not people who had been at Public Schools, so pilloried nepotism and the old school tie.

8 Spies

Espionage cases continuously disrupted Macmillan's exercise of power. Sex class and official secrecy were taboos.

1951 The disappearance of Burgess and McClean both public school boys. Defection confirmed in 1956. " For years there has been in the Foreign Office a clique of perverted men, homosexuals that indulge in unnatural love for one another and are known to be bad security risks.

1956 Harold Wilson had visited the Soviet Union 3 time while in charge of the Board of Trade and dealt with importing timber from there. He refused to sign the petition condemning the Soviet for the Hungarian invasion.

1960 the American U2 spy plane

1962 the John Vasall and William Marshal case. This was a prelude to the Profumo Affair. While a junior worker in the British Moscow embassy was passing on naval information to the Russians. He was a homosexual and was being blackmailed. Sentenced to 18 years in prison.  It was claimed that Lord Carrington the first lord of the admiralty knew there was a spy 18 months before Vassal was arrested. later in 1963 Crane brought out an article " How to Spot a Homo". Macmillan started blaming the press for his troubles and reporter Brenden  Mulholland and Reg Forster were arrested, antagonizing the press which was not good for him.

1962 the Cuban Crises. Ward was introducing Ivanov the Russian diplomat to the whole circle of his acquaintances.

Christine Keeler had sold her story to the Sunday Pictorial for £1000 and received £200. Ward was worried if her story was publish both he and Profumo would be compromised.  Keelers solicitors were demanding £5000 to stop the publication.  Ward contacted the Sunday Pictorial and told them there were inaccuracies in her story and they will be charged for liable. So they held up publication.

1963 Kim Philby defected to Moscow.

Lord Astor who nearly collapsed, was told by the police, he could be charged for keeping a brothel on his property run by Ward.

Boys at boarding school became aware of words like " intercourse"and "prostitutes". The writer describes that at his school library the newspaper had articles cut out and so he wrote home to ask what the story was about. His father sent him a letter of what the Profumo story was about which the school matron conviscated.

The upper classes have always been given to lying, fornication, corrupts practices and as a result of the public school system sodomy. Their reputation and the class system fell into disrepute.

The Profumo affair did Macmillan more harm than anything in his entire administration. Had Ward lived the case against him would probably be overturned on appeal. When Macmillan was about to have a prostate opp. he signed a document of resignation in Alex Douglas-Hume  favour. Macmillan recovered and did not have cancer. Meanwhile Hume went directly to the Party Convention in Blackpool, showed the document and took over.

Till 1963 the press protected adulterous politicians, or those caught in the bushes with guardsmen.  Now the press no longer showed respect for them.

Surveys showed that a minority of older people condemned Profumo's action , younger people were not despite the press reporting that the public was shocked by the moral issue. What shocked grandfather 50 years ago is accepted.

Time line leading to the Profumo Scandle

1936 BBCs first television service opened

1940  PM Churchill              Tory

1942William Beverage Report towards post war Britain

1945 PM. Clement Attlee     Labour

1946 Churchill, Iron Curtin speech  at Fulham, Missouri 

1946 Truman ended the Lend Lease to Britain 

1947  Extreme winter weather that brought the country to dark standstill.

1947 Indian independence 

1948 Creation of Israel.

1948 Marshal plan implemented saving Britain and Europe's economy.

1951 Defection Burgess and McClean to Russia.

1951 PM. Churchill              Tory

1955 PM. Antony Edan          Tory

1955 Independent TV started 

1956 Suez Crises

1956 Russian invasion of Hungary.

1956 Sexual Offences Act. Landlord cannot knowingly let premises to be used as a brothel.

1957 PM Harold Macmillan     Tory

1957" You've never had it so good" speech at Bedford.

1957 Private homosexualism was legalize

1958Till then women were excluded from House of Lords.

1960 End of Conscription to the army   

1960 -1963 the American U2 spy plane

1960 "Winds of Change" speech in Cape Town

1961 The Berlin crises

1962 the John Vasall and William Marshal  spy case.

1962 Eichmann  Trial The Daily Telegraph sent Ward to Israel to do drawings in court.

1962 October the 12 day Cuban  missile crises

1962 Edgecombe trial 

1962 The Commonwealth Immigration Act limited immigration to 40,000 immigrants a year  

1963 Kim Philby defected to Moscow.

1963 June the Ward case opened the Old Bailey was to be the Trial of the Century.

1963 PM Alex Douglas-Hume  Tory

1963 Nov John Kennedy assassinated.

1964 PM Harold Wilson      Labour

________________________________________________________________________

The following from Monty Yeger

THE PROFUMO AFFAIR - A POLITICAL AND SOCIAL MELODRAMA

SYNOPSIS - A TYPICAL BRITISH SCANDAL- POLITICS, SEX, VICE ESPIONAGE AND HYPOCRISY!

MAIN PROTAGONISTS

1. STEPHEN WARD - OSTEOPATH TO THE RICH AND WELL CONNECTED, also a skilled portrait artist.

2. JOHN PROFUMO - SECRETARY OF STATE FOR WAR IN MCMILLANS GOVT. Denied that he had an affair with CHRISTINE KEELER :”I never had an affair with that woman”. Lied to the Commons. 

3. CHRISTINE KEELER - a good time girl indiscriminately sleeping with all and sundry including Profumo, Ivanov and two violent West Indian gentlemen. A Loser:  “I was born in Wraysbury and brought up in Staines. What fucking chance did i have in life?”.

4. MANDY-RICE DAVIES - Keeler’s friend, also a “good time girl” but more discriminating. Mainly wealthy lovers, a survivor “My life was one long descent into respectability.”

5. YEVGENY IVANOV - First secretary at the Russian Embassy. Close friend of Stephen Ward. Slept with Keeler at the same time as was sleeping with Profumo ( Security problem: Pillow talk)

6. LORD ASTOR - Ward’s patient and friend. Ward rented a cottage on Astor’s Cliveden Estate for a “peppercorn rent”.   Profumo meets both Keeler and Ivanov at one of Cliveden’s  famous weekend parties. THE STAGE IS SET: SEX,  SECURITY AND POLITICS.

SUPPORTING CAST

1. JOHNNY EDGECOMBE and LUCKY GORDON – Keelers violent competing lovers. A shooting at Ward’s flat enabled press and parliamentary outing of the affair.

2. GEORGE WIGG -  Labour M/P, determined to expose the affair particularly the security aspect at Question Time during Commons Debates.

3. THE PRESS – Fearful of draconian libel laws, but determined, as soon as opportunity     was offered, to sensationally publicize the affair. 

4. TRIAL AT THE OLD BAILEY: JUDGE MARSHALL (THE HEN) - conducted Ward’s trial,  morally outraged.  Ward’s flat was described by him “as a sink of iniquity and filth”. 

5. MERVYN GRIFFITH–JONES THE PROSECUTOR - a thundering moralist. Ward’s counsel JAMES BURGE said to the court ”my learned friend would make even a honeymoon sound obscene “ 

BIT PLAYERS

1.  HAROLD MACMILLAN PM (You never had it so good) - “I  did not know; nobody told

     me”.  He knew even before Profumo arrived at the House. 

2. THE ENGLISH POLITICAL AND LEGAL  ELITE - Get the man at all costs;  and they did. 

      3.  MARIA NOVOTNY - (Pseudonym). Kept a brothel next to the House of Commons, self

        described as “The Government’s Chief Whip”  Also a habitue of Bobby Baker’s Washington 

            brothel that was apparently visited by both President Kennedy and his brother Robert. 

4. EDGAR HOOVER - Was certain that Ward and Ivanov were part of a Communist conspiracy to destroy the West and determined to discredit the Kennedys.    

5. MI5 -  Recruited Ward to inform on Ivanov, possibly to recruit him as a double agent. Ward’s handler went by the name ’Woods’.

6. Home Secretary Henry Brooke, Roger Hollis, MI5,  and Sir Charles Cunningham of the Metropolitan Police decided there was no security issue but Brooke understood that the affair could bring down the government.The options were: either silence Ward or prosecute him for sexual offenses. 

7. THE BLOODHOUNDS - Inspector Samuel Herbert and Sergeant John Burrows were to handle the investigation plus two hunters on 24/7 house surveillance on Ward’s apartment and clinic.  

8. LORD DENNING - The Denning Report - In his enquiry completely condemning Ward and describing him as “...the most evil manI have ever met.” A whitewash of all the protagonists. 

ADDENDUM 

1. This whole melodrama is an example of changing and clashing cultures, as shown in John Osborne’s play “ Look Back in Anger”. The Colonel’s daughter, who is having an affair with a working class yob, says to her father “you're hurt because everything is changing and Jimmy is hurt because everything stays the same.. 

 

  

Israel : Start-up Nation by Dan Senor and Pual Singer + Innovate

 

Start-up Nation by Dan Senor and Pual Singer 2009 310pg 1/12/2010 This is a fascinating book and very readable. Why do so many patents get invented in Israel? A whole lot of circumstances are just right to lead to this in fact this has become a new form of modern day Zionism and the book shows that money is a incentive but purpose and idealism are very important in leading to invention. Israel is a very informal society and in business or the army everyone knows people by their first names, so information cross fertilizes rather than waiting for it to move via a hierarchy. Democracy is also very much part of this and Judaism which has always promoted learning has another aspect that everything has to be discussed and even if this leads to chaos. Nothing is accepted on face value and their is no Pope to make laws. Then the role that the army plays in this. Israel is one of the few Democratic Western countries that has conscription with the result that the army is able to choose the best of the society to train into the jobs needed to be done. Young junior army officers have to take responsibility and leadership for their soldier in the field and make life or death decisions, then later might go to university and know their aims and are older already when they study. The army also provides the connections and fraternity for them in later life business. In the early days of the State, Ben Gurion encouraged the development of the aeronautic industry for military purposes which lead to the development science industries. The Hebrew University and Weitzman Institute were started before the State even existed. The fact that Israel is a small country and immigrant state and immigrants arriving have to reinvent themselves to adapt to their new circumstances. He points out that creative people have had government help in Israel but a country like Dubia the government has poured millions into modernizing the country but the academics and workers brought in do it to take out what they can get and have no idealism to develop the Gulf State. This is a fascinating book and tells you a lot about Israeli society.

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Thou Shalt Innovate: How Israeli Ingenuity Repairs the World by Avi Jorish 196pg 2018 7/3/18

This starts off that the Bible says "let there be light" and so man should always work for improvement. I love reading history that shows the other great things are happening besides just wars and conflict. It discusses that when medical help in needing quickly there are many capable people nearby who want to help till the ambulance arrives and so a system was set up to muster them organized by Eli Beer of Hatzala a purely volunteer organization. The start of drip irrigation development by Simcha Blass which is today used world wide, by Netufim in 1959. Iron Dome defense system developed by Danny Gold was a success in the Gaza war of 2014 Then the development of the Grain Cocoon by Shlomo Navarre to kill bugs in grain storage without pesticides and is used all over the world in grain storage. The grain sealed uses up the oxygen and the bugs die after about 10 days Harry Tzi Tabor invented the solar water heater in 1955 which was made at Timorim and called Miromit. It really became a success after in oil shocks of 1973 and later all Israeli residential building from1980 had to design it into the construction. It save up to 8% of the electricity needed for the country. Dr Amit Gofer designed a exoskeleton for paraplegics because he was paralysed, it only became an acceptable idea when Clare Lomas in 2012 ran the Irish marathon using it. Alpha Omega was started by an Arab Mr Imad and Reem Younis from Nazareth who studied at the Techinion. These are methods to do brain surgery more accurately. This company attracts Arab graduates without experience to help them get started. Check Point build Firewall in 1996 to stop computers being attacked. This was build by Gil Swed and Marius Nacht before people realized how vulnerable their computers were. Pilcam developed by Given Imaging to be able to film what is happening in a persons gut works better than the old gastroscopy. Gabi Iddan and Gavrial Givron in 1998 using the camera that is at the head of a missile. Raphael Mechoulam 1963 worked on marijuana to understand its narcotic function and to make it into a medication. Emergency bandage designed to put pressure on a wound at an accident to be sterile and stop blood loss invented by Bernard Bar-Natan Ornithology which mapped out the time and route birds take in migrating north and south over Israel so that airplanes know what paths to keep to in migrating season this was developed by Yossi Leshem as a PhD thesis but was developed it protect airplane flying over. Interferon a drug for multiple sclerosis was discovered by Michael Revel Date seeds found in Masada from 1900 years ago Sarah Salon managed to get to grow and it is the biblical variety that no longer exists The author has also written a book to stop terrorists banking, by naming and shaming the banks and eventually the US government stepped in to stop this

The Victors: Eisenhower and his boys the men of WW2 by Stephen E Ambrose 199, 270pg

 

From invading Normandy till German Capitulation.  

Note: I only read sections of this book that I never knew about and were very interesting, and not in other books I had read 

 The End of th Day       10

1944 June 6th.90 thousand GIs entered France by land or sea, More than 2 million would follow. There were some teenagers but the average age was 22 to 23 amongst the enlisted me.  From Sept to Spring 1944 they came in at Cherbourg and Le Havre and came as liberators not conquerors. The intelligence  had not realized that the hedgerows was unlike those in England the kind that fox hunter jump over. Hedgerows dated back from Norman times  French farmers would pile up soil around their fields and plant hedges and trees there. The troops had no specialized equipment against this.

Hitler was sure that the spoiled sons of democracy couldn't stand the solid sons of dictatorship. Victory depended on Junior officers and NCOs on the front lines. Here no terrain in the world was more  suited for defensive action.

Young men just arriving learned to keep head down , dig deep, distinguish between incoming and out going artillery , judge when an where a mortar barrage would hit and that fear is inevitable but can be managed.

Artillery does not fire forever guns over heat , ammunition's runs low.  A soft spoken kid in camp could be a standout in combat. Combat brought out the best in some men it brought out the worst in others.

Montgomery shunned women after his wife died did not smoke or drink and was conceited. His arrogance offended even British officers. Eisenhower was modest. Personality difference strained relationship. Eisenhower's military theory was straight forward and aggressive, you keep up constant attack. Monty believed in unbalancing the enemy abut keep your own balance.  Monty in theory was responsible to Ike but in reality looked to Field Marshal Alan Brooke.  Ike had no choice but to put up with Monty.

Hedgerows  11

Ultra radio intercepts showed that the Germans were stretched to the limit. Bradley was working on plan Cobra to break out to the right. Ike's advantage was that he had control of the air.  They wanted to bring special dozer tanks or some commercial bulldozers which they had at the Normandy beach but not enough. Using explosive was slow difficult and not available in the quantities needed .

1944 The German's produced 24,410 tanks The British 24,843 and the Americans 88,410 mainly Sherman's. American were better at recovering damaged tanks and fixing them to return to action, half the damaged tanks saw action again.by maintenance battalions. An army in the field has individual initiate that comes forward and does what it has to. Sherman's used less gasoline that Wehrmacht's tanks and their tracks lasted 2,500 miles as apposed to the enemies 500 miles. German tanks were better designed for hedgerow fighting.

GIs reported that 8 dud shells fell around them and failed to explode. From the Germans they never heard of US shells failing. American equipment was build by free labour while the Germans used slave labour, who sabotaged some of the shells. 1998 the author received a letter from a Jewish slave labourer in the panzerfaust shell factory. He said when they could they added sand to the sulfur. Only German soldiers dealt with the trigger mechanism but when they were on brake the slaves sped up their output and they never inspected the shells made during their brake but this increased the soldiers production.

The early success of the Germans in bringing troops to Normandy was the rain and fog and bad weather.

There were experiments of welding teeth to the front of the Sherman's. Then they took scrap iron from the German roadblocks and constructed a hedge cutting devise that looked like a rhino. They also plugged a radio handset into the tank so that infantrymen could speak to them. Now the 1st and 3 armies were ready to break through.

Breakout and Pursuit 12

German units were made up of people from the same town. The worst thing that could happen to a German soldier was to be thrown in a unit where he knew nobody, as nobody was motivated to look after him. Patton lusted to seized the opportunity to surround the German Army as he saw a clear road. "Victory in the  next war will depend on execution and not plans" said Patton, Monty agreed with  Patton.

Falaise Pocket this trapped 50 thousand German troops that became prisoners, their commander was told to fight to the end. About 15  thousand died Germans . The Battle of Normandy had lasted 75 days and Allies lost 209, 672 casualties and 39,976 killed. It cost  the Germans430,000 men 240,000 killed..  Of 1,500 German  tanks only 67 got out 3,500 artillery and 20,000 vehicles were left behind. 2.6million pounds of beer and 500,000 of German canned beef was left behind and distributed to the troops. The PLUTO pipe line under the ocean to bring gasoline ran from England to Omaha to Chartres. Patton wanted to invade Germany from both the north and south via the Ardennes.

Rhineland battle 17

The Americans banged away confident that more shells would arrive, while the Germans husbanded their shells uncertain of more arriving. US  Troops following tanks through the mud in tracks that were exploding antipersonnel mine. If the tanks skidded of reversed many were killed. There is no such thing as getting used to combat., Psychotic casualties are as inevitable as gunshot or shrapnel wounds.  Soldiers reach the peak of their efficiency after 90 days of combat after that the efficiency began to fall. The Germans knew what they had done as conquerors and occupiers and what they could expect when conquered. At the Siegfried line Germans fired till they were out of ammunition the raised the white flag. The American were through the initial German  defenses.  Patton always said fixed defenses are useless and the only defense is attack. The Germans got very little for  their poured concrete.

The Remagen Bridge was still standing which was reported by an areas photographer and the Allies were able to take it even as the Germans were trying to blow it up. Units in the area now headed for Remagen to get over the Rhine. 

Ike said Patton was a good General and a lucky on, Napoleon preferred luck to greatness.

Overrunning Germany 18

Americans saw the people in the countries they liberated, the French were sullen , slow and ungrateful. The Parisians were cunning and indifferent to whether they were cheating Germans or Americans. The British brave resourceful quaint dull. The liked the Dutch in every way but few GIs met them, only the airborne.  In Germany at first they liked them the best , identified most closely, clean hard working, educated middle class tastes and had flush toilets and soft toiled paper, and seemed just like us.  In Germany everyone goes out and works more ambitious than the English or French.

It is a fact  that British and Americans compared to  conquering armies of the world behaved correctly. The Germens in areas occupied by the American were lucky and they knew it. The German supply system lay in ruins and all the German soldiers wanted was a safe passage to a POW camp. While German armies were trying to surrender  German fanatics were still blowing up bridges on German soil.

General Maxwell Taylor saw Dachau and got the people of Landsberg everyone between ages of 14 to 80 to be rounded up and marched to the camp to bury the bodies and clean up, that evening the crew came along the road and saw how people were still vomiting.  Major Winters wrote - "now I know why I am here."

Montgomery wanted to lead his army into Berlin but both Ike and Bradley were against it. Politically at Yalta Germany had been divided into 3 zones with the Elba River as the boundary, The Red army was there in great strength 1.25 million troops. The Hitler Youth and SS were fanatics ,even after the surrender of the Ruhr and never ran out of ammunition. The German troops had received the code Werewolf and it they had lost the war and  meant that they were supposed to head east. Hitler wanted to hold out till the Western Allies and Soviets went to war.

For the GIs Eisenhower's decision was that he put them first.

1945April the British got into Belsen and Edward R. Murrow went to Buchenwald.

In Laingsburg when the German troops withdrew the citizens hang out white flags the SS then came in and hanged civilians on trees.

1945 May 7th Germany capitulates to the Allies. The George C Marshall said of Eisenhower "you have commanded with outstanding success the most powerful military Force that has ever been assembled.

The Russians would not accept the surrender sighed in Reims and insisted on another sighing in Berlin.

The G.Is

It is not accidental that so many paratroopers of E Company became teachers. It is not surprising after seeing so much death and destruction at one time led them to want to do something creative. They became the men who build modern America. They had learned to work together, knew teamwork and the value of individual initiative.  They had also seen the evil of dictatorship. They knew that the way to prevent war was to reject isolationism.

The aim of the war had been to eliminate the Nazi tyranny over the oppressed people of Europe and for security for ourselves in the free world.  In June 1945 Eisenhower said "The success of the occupation can only be told 50 years from now. if the Germans have a stable prosperous democracy."

GIs fought because they had to , what kept them together was unit cohesion. They did more to spread democracy around the world than any other generation. They talked about friendship with buddies , No-one ever talked about patriotism and pride. America had sent the best of her young men around the world. They returned to become successful citizens and good family men. Perhaps we think the biggest price of a war is what might have been. When asked Grandpa "were you a hero" he answered no " but I was in a company of hero's"

Vaster Wilds by Lauren Groff 2023 272 pg.

    This is a novel that covers about early European settlers in North America. The themes are history, hunger, survival, her education and treatment of women, her being a foundling. Plague and disease, travel on a ship, Religion and Mans domination. 16/3/24 Writer born in 1978

1348 The Black Death was a bubonic plague pandemic, which reached England.

 1533   Henry VIII  divorced Catharine of Aragon declared himself head of the Church of England, then  Catholic Spain and England were enemies. 

1553 Mary 1 Catholic Bloody Mary

1558 Elizabeth I crowned.

1592 -1593 Plague of London

1583 Humphrey Gilbert got a charter and went to discover the north passage to China and settlement to America but his ship the Delight was lost at sea. Only Raleigh and the Golden Hind returned. 1584 Reached Roanoke Island, N. Carolina.

1587 Over 150 settlers arrived and mostly starved.  Named the English colony Virginia 

1588 Spanish Armada attacks England and is defeated

1603 James 1 became king and wanted peace with Spain.

1606 London company set up to colonize without women, they chose the James river and named the town Jamestown in a place that Spanish ships could not raid. They grew, corn beans, squash and tobacco. Many died from malaria but mostly from famine. Tobacco had become he main export from the colony but would not succeed with out the royal favor. The area was not wanted by the Powhatan tribes as it was not suitable for agriculture and the ship arrived too late in the season to plant. The water was unsuitable for drinking. A third of the settlers died on the ship coming. Many of the men were aristocrats with menservants.

John Smith became governor of Jamestown and the story of Pocahontas occurs here, John Rolfe married her and took her to London. This led to a peace treaty with the Powhatan tribe.

1608 other ships went out now with women. Some settlers were indentured servants.

1611 Authorized King James Bible first printed.

1619 Beginning of American slavery here.

1620 Mayflower arrival in Plymouth

1623 Shakespeare first folio printed

Plague and Disease

In the fort she had watched people die of bilious fluxes, shitty or bloody fluxes , brackish swellings scurvy , venereal lews and yaws different pox, fevers and malaria. A man went crazy from hunger and murdered his pregnant wife and was hung by the thumbs to freeze to death. 

She had small  pox and barely survived it by herself there out in the wild and was left covered with scars. A bear woke of from it hibernation and it cubs wanted to play with her they did not know about the terrible things that humans had done. Even the bear could smell the disease on her.

The summer of the most terrible plague the world had seen, the dogs had been caught and drowned. She had been locked into the room of the sick goldsmith and had to look after him till he died, the servants had fled the sick house for the stables. He had started an unlettered  Scottish lad and almost became elected the mayor twice. Dick Whittington?   1354–1423)There was nobody to do the work and cows died from not being milked and the libraries, homes deteriorated and collapsed and the Eden would overtake the world and the mistake of man would be forgotten.

On the Ship

On the ship she was one of very few to find herself at peace with her stomach as other vomited and lost weight unable to take in food which was worm riddled peas.  At the age of 4 she had been taken to the mistress house from the parish poorhouse she had been a foundling. On the ship she had a friendship with a young Dutch glassblower who had given her an orange. Of all the  names she had he called her Mine Heliefda A storm had battered them  to all the people broken bones, her Dutch friend had been washed overboard vanished. Both nobleman and servants had died in the storm and their bodies were thrown overboard. Other ships of the fleet were missing. They the Blessing but later the saw the Falcon , the Lion and the Unitie, Lost forever the Diamond and Swallow.

Hunger

She had on a pair of good boots from the son of a gentleman but were her size , the kid had  died of small pox and hunger. Leather gloves stolen from her own mistress. In fleeing she left behind her roof, home, country and language. She was unlettered but pious. So she was not alone as she had god in her heart. She had a stolen pewter cup (popular between 1600 and 1800) She was running northwards.

The horses that had been brought on the ships had all been eaten already in the famine. Hunger caused the most viscous of men to be indolent as there was no food to steal for a few days already. Any abandoned houses had been torn down to burn to warm the gentlefolk She tried to lie with  her charge the child Bess hot with fever to keep warm. Bess had died a slow intentional death.? When they could not get Bess's jaws open to feed her the second husband grabbed her bowl. All the livestock were eaten and even the vermin that crawled amongst the dead. A body that did not die of disease was a body that bore good meat. Bess died and the butchered her to eat.

Survival

She discovered a large fish  frozen within the ice which she ate. There was a soldier sent to find her and he had a musket and knives, he was the type that choked a prostitute with his hands and longed to do  it again. He was supposed to bring the girl back and hang her naked.    She went up the river and found a frozen place she could head north. Some Englishmen were prepared to become servile to the natives to survive the starvation?

Hearing footsteps she replaced them in her mind with those of a deer. She found the skeletons of 2 dead deer, their antler entangled so in  their anger they could not separate.

She took shelter in a cave where she envisioned a dragon a strange creature in a strange land.

She found as tired duck sitting on its eggs and killed it and took its eggs and when she roasted it put the fat on her chapped hands. She found a frozen fish in the ice and grilled it on the fire as well a smoked it above the fire and kept it in her bag to eat later. She found good walnuts and a clutch of pigeon eggs that she ate. 

While the ground was frozen she cold move swiftly but with the thaw you get sucked into the mud. 

She took shelter in a hollow tree trunk and ate the wood grubs she found there. She could watch across the river and saw 2 girls playing together and women planting maize in the high fields

She frightened a fish out of the mouth of a crane and found cray fish in the river. She went into the river naked with her knife stabbed 2 fish, she saw her naked body that she had no fat upon her. She set up a platform to smoke the fish. . She knew how to determine north, by a stick marking the shadow direction in the morning and then again later.

A stag had died and one winter she dragged back the body and had food for the season and a skin dress for herself. The natives let her live they knew about her. She did not threaten them. Death touched every place that had been touched by man.

Her Education

The governor had a parchment map and it showed where the French settlements were in the north.  You had the Spanish in the south,  both  French and Spanish were Papist but she knew some French.

When she was small the mistresses son Kit did not torment her but showed her things in books, that educated boys knew. Fairies monsters in the forests she was advised to stay away from soldiers and mercenaries. The education she had was by chance Kit showed her pictures to display his superior education and could count till 999. She had seen bear baiting and the strength of a blind toothless bear. 

The mistress's first husband had been a goldsmith

The French had been amongst the lords and artist, writers that came to the mistresses' house. and had all worn perfume. She had picked up basic French .

She mistress married the minister and he was going to America and wanted her to follow when he had set up there but wanted to go with him as she was scared he would find a younger women. |Nobody asked the narrator if she wanted to go. 

The Natives

The natives Powhatans knew the area well and when men went out  of the fort raiding they returned wounded. Initially amongst the settlers were gentlemen who refused to dirty their hands with work. One of the settler had raped a native woman and they caught him, tied him up in view of the fort and flayed him and cut off his parts while he was alive. This proved the godlessness of the natives. Were these native women empowered? This type of behavior was not limited to here as under Queen Elizabeth  traitors head were hung on pikes on London Bridge. 

They had traded metal goods, linens sugar for heaps of dried corn and fish.

The natives would burn the underbrush in the forest so that they see the game through the trees. Hickory chestnut and hazelnut below the leaf  litter would find ample nuts. some of these trees had been planted. She had known none of the natural world as she was raised in the city. 

Religion

Jesuit priest who came out as a missionary, he had been an orphan child in the church and learn to speak Latin, he studied Powhatan on the long journey over and learned it from the  guide. However they had forced their customs on the natives who had burned down the mission killing al the priest except him, he fled and survived in the forest. Later other of his countrymen arrived and destroyed the natives villiage.in revenge and sailed off. He has lived in a cave and survived without fire in looks like a hairy jungle animal. Humans are not meant to live alone, they need company to survive. He had trained baby crow to be his pets and look out for him. He called himself sanctus ioannes cavae arboris  Saint John of the hollow tree

Purgatory a Papist concept that if you have not been baptized you go there instead of heaven, souls amongst the heathen, animals and slaughtered souls. 

Mans Domination

The Bible says escape to the mountains before you get consumed. In the bible Adam dominated everything.  He let them have dominion over the fish in the sea and fowl in the air and the cattle. God was not singular or triple but multiple in all creatures.  Where you Dominate you give things their names.

The Foundling

At the poorhouse she had been given the name Lamentations to remember that her mother was a whore. The first husband the goldsmith called her many things, girl wench, fool , child and Zed.(last to be counted) Just before she was brought to this rich house their pet monkey named Zed had died. The mistress had taught her to sing and accompany her on the lute to dance coranto la volta. Painter , players and artists visited the house. Z would sleep at the foot of the mattress to keep the mistress feet warm. Later her role was to look after the retarded daughter Bess(named after the Queen).  After the goldsmith dies the whole household to hear the new minister preaching

Kit now returned from university with his student friends and wanted her to be their servant "Wake up you lazy wentch , thou stupid slut , thou nimble mischance thou sooty mammet, why does thou sleep when a man needs thee" After being raped the mistress told her to ask the cook for a kettle of tansy (ragwort) to drink every day for a week.

Bess had golden locks her strength went into her hair and nowhere else.

The mistress was an uninvolved mother and the wet nurse was always drunk and unreliable for nothing but milk.

In Italy people used lead paint called Venetian Ceruse to whiten their skins. Back in London she remembers the milliners shop and its pretty linens, the goldsmith shop , the saddler, the letter writer  next to the church. 

 She carried a staff which was the sigh of a pilgrim on the way to sacred lands to get salvation, A staff was also the sign of an old person. The mistress realized that her daughter Bess mentally had remained in her infancy and she did not like to be near the child so Z had to fulfill this role.  When Z had come from the poorhouse she had been treated like a sister and given sweets. as the mistress could not fall pregnant.

The nail in her boot is like the cilice worn around the leg by some Christians?

She started naming everything she could see thus she could identify them. She watched Indian men with bows and arrows. They shaved their long hair on one side so as not to impede using the bow. Surely their teeth were not blackened by eating sugar as in England. 

She undressed and went underwater and all black oil and lice and fleas came off her.

A wolf caused the stick of her tent to collapse onto the fire and the sudden flame chased the wolf away but nothing was left of her coverlet.

The treatment of  women

When the minister decided to go to America he dragged along his wife and the girl in greed for riches, For what is a girl but a vessel to hold the desires of men.  The master of the house could punish everyone. This minister was also a pedophile?

------------

Review. As the girl goes deeper into the wilderness she moves further from the teachings of the church. The divine exists only in nature. The idea of Manifest Destiny, The situation might have been different if the colonists had been willing to coexist with both native peoples and native landscapes. A girl has the misfortune to have no choice. Like Cormac McCarthy it illustrates a masculine world with no hope for tenderness.

 

 

£ How the English Establishment framed Stephen Ward by Phillip Knightley & Caroline Kennedy 2013 343pages

Corruption of Justice in England.    12/3/24

 Caroline Kennedy had worked alone to gather information about Ward's relationship with M15, who dumped him when his link threatened to become an embarrassment. There was Wards own tape- recorder, interviews with 80 of his friends or enemies and FBI documents. Russian Intelligence, Operation BowTie (Risk Management) , J Edgar Hoover and Attorney General Robert Kennedy also. Lord Goodman described Ward as the historic victim of a historic injustice a "British Dreyfus."

1956 Sexual Offences Act. This Ward story is about the Trial of the Century.  Ward was a guest at many tables at the Thursday Club with Prince Phillip, Baron Nahum, David Mitford Haven artist Feliks Topolski, Lord Boothby. Was at Sarah Churchills wedding.

Ward  was a rational intelligent and persuasive person. Edgecombe's girlfriend Christine  Keeler and her friend Mandy Rice Davis

John Profumo was the British Secretary of State for War  a married man had the making of a future Prime Minister he was having an affair with Christine Keeler.  (Richard Crossman and Barbra Castle were aware of these rumor's) British press were scared to write about this because of the libel laws. However some of this was printed in Europe and the US, Yevgeny Ivanov the assistant naval attaché at eh Soviet Embassy also shared a bed with Christine.

1961 Major Gagarin (cosmonaut) at  the Soviet Embassy in London.  Both Profumo and Ward were invited  there to meet him.

Lucky Gordon a boyfriend  was arrested and accused of assaulting Christine  June 6th he was sentenced to 3 years. Mandy was taken  off and plane and arrested. Ward was arrested and charged for living and earning from prostitution.

Front page of the Daily sketch had a picture of a woman kissing a Ivanov. This was the wife of US embassy Thomas  Watson Murphy. Newsweek wrote the New Pornocracy.

Christine said she would be the another  Lady Hamilton, The Conservatives Party were in their greatest array since the Suez fiasco.

Ward in 1932 in Paris understood that tourists were more interested in the nightspots than the Eiffel Tower. He studied to be an osteopath in Kirksville Missouri. Chicago was far more American than NY and he explored the brothels and prostitutes'. After 5 years he had a medical degree as an osteopath and had cast off his English inhibitions. A girl who promised to marry him when he returned from Missouri probably married someone else. He worked as a medic during the war in India. There he managed to get an interview with Mahatma Gandhi.

Duncan Sandys  wife was Churchills daughter and he was invited to treat Winston and this enhanced his reputation and he got lots of clients. Wards professional and private life began to overlap and his patients became his friends. 

Andrew Ferrier a Fleet St artist and cartoonist and his wife Freda held parties in their home for New Years Eve, Baron Nahum, Maxie Taylor , Theodore Bikel, Burn Ives , Lauren Bacall, Peter Ustinov and Lawrence Harvey with Zsa Zsa Gabor were guests.

In Wards circle he deliberately mixed people from many backgrounds. He said to hell with conventions that set up social barriers that prevented him knowing ordinary people. He liked listening tho women and helped solve their problems he seldom went to bed with them and perhaps he had homosexual tendencies. He was present with  group sex taking place but was the only man who never removed his pants. He was fascinated by prostitutes and occasionally went to bed with one.

1949 Married Patricia Baines but when she understood his sexual views  of independence, 6 weeks after she moved into his flat they divorced and after that he never became emotionally attached to anyone.

Bill Astor became one of his clients, and he took Astor to the exciting of coffee bars , drinking clubs and bottle parties.

The Profumo family were an entrenched in the British establishment, they were English  landed gentry. His father was a barrister a King's Councilor. In 1940 Profumo was one of the Conservative  MPs who led a revolt against  Chamberlin. In the army he rose to Lieutenant and by 1944 he was liaison officer with Field Marshal Alexander.  In Japan he was in the British Liaison commission to Douglas Mc Arthur. 

One example of Wards creativity is he  took Valerie and transformed her into Vicky Martin reconnected her with her grandmother introduced her into Mayfair society and she became a model for photographers Baron Nahum, Antony Beauchamp and Vasco Lazzolo painted her portrait, She died in a car accident aged 23.

On Bill Astor's  estate of Cliveden where he entertained many guests including Ward, Ward saw an unused cottage and got permission to fix it up and use it over weekends, where he was available to give treatments. Philip de Zulueta private secretary to the Prime Minister Harold Mc Millian and Sir Malcolm Sargeant the conductor Tommy Steele would drop in on Ward.  

One party at Cliveden included the Queen and Prince Phillip, Peggy Bancroft , the Rothchild's and Richard Todd's.

Margaret Brown genuinely wanted to marry Ward but he had to drop her as he would not commit to marriage.

1959 Christine Keeler from, Wraysbury realized the power of her sexual attractiveness. She was banned as a baby sitter as she flaunted with the husbands.  At age 16 she gave birth to a premature baby that died soon afterwards the father was an American GI at the nearby base. She got a job at Murrays Club one of 45 dance girls and was a true nymphomaniac and became a leading showgirl. She was living at Wards apartment and then became Peter Rachman's mistress. He was a notorious slum lord. Later she fell out with him and returned to Ward.

Marylin Rice -Davies called Mandy and she was one organized other girls including Christine in managing their finances. Mandy efforts were fruitless with Christine and they shared a flat. Rachman bought Mandy a Jaguar for her 17th birthday with a forged driving license. 

1959 Bill passed that made street prostitution an offence, The Wofrended Report called to decriminalize homosexualism but was defeated in parliament.

1960 Brush and Palette was a diner where pretty girls posed nude for artists to paint. Hugh Leggatt an art dealer suggested that Ward put on an exhibit of portraits.  Amongst the people he did was Paul Getty, PM  Harold Macmillan, Labour leader Hugh Gaitskell, Sophia Loren ,Douglas Fairbanks. This would take Ward from a amateur to a professional. Later Prince Phillip, Princess Margaret.

1960 March, Captain Yevgeny Ivanov assistant naval attaché. arrived in London to be one of 63 members of the Soviet Embassy. He would liven up the restricted lives of the Soviet diplomats.

1960 test case on Lady Chatterley Lover which was unbanned, and Penguin books sold 2 million copies of it in the  next 8 months.

1962 Eichmann  Trial The Daily Telegraph sent Ward to Israel to do drawings for the press rather than photographs.   Then he got the idea sketch Soviet leaders. He got a visa but no appointments, then Coote of Daily Telegraph introduced him to Ivanov. 

Ward tutors Ivanov in bridge and as his English improved they became big pals. Ward took him to English homes where no Soviet diplomat had ever been, and Ward was invited to all Soviet Embassy parties and was at the huge reception to receive Yuri Gagarin. Gagarin was the first Soviet astronaut to get  back from space? He met the Soviet Minister of Culture Madam Furstova and wrote notes on their open conversation and Ivanov had to beg him not to publish that. Ivanov met Christine at Mandy's flat. Everybody at the Russian Embassy was a spy. A defector had revealed that Ivanov was a spy.

Ward had been asked to report to M15 about Ivanov which he did faithfully to a Mr Woods (alias) But information the Soviets wanted passed on was in this way. Ivanov was trying to find out when nuclear missiles would come to Germany.

1961 July 8th at a dinner at Bill Astors mansion  Christine Keeler was swimming and had taken her costume off when  Bill Astor and Jack Profumo went for a  walk. Ivanov and Profumo met at Cliveden. Ivanov visited Christine flat and she said they were in bed together. Profumo showered Christine with gifts and money, he was only interested in her sexually who wanted her to leave Ward and move to a flat he would provide. He could now be blackmailed by the Russians. Ward already knew too much of the Profumo affairs with Christine. Ward was an avid reader of spy novels and now he was in a real life drama.

1961 In the Berlin crises Ivanov through Ward could be an unofficial communication with the Soviet Union to foreign secretary Lord Home.  George Wigg MP was an old soldiers and so was Profumo and so the could trust each other? William Vassall the homosexual Admiralty clerk was convicted of spying for Russia. Hohn Lewis was informed forget about Vassall you want to look at Profumo. Ward had introduced Ivanov to Profumo as well as Lord Mountbatten, Paul Getty, Nubar Gulbeklan and Sir Godfray Nicholson and dined in the House of Commons

1961 Christine met Lucky Gordon then she returned to her old boyfriend Michael Lambton who gave Christine 500 pound and she and Mandy wanted to try their luck in the States, this adventure lasted 2 weeks, but it came to the attention of J. Edgar Hoover.

1962 October the 12 day missile crises. America knew that Khrushchev was bluffing as the Soviets did not have the capacity to attack, nor did Khrushchev have the support of his colleges. the US. The Russian were trying to put a wedge between the UK and America but Lord Home told the Russians they stood by the Anglo American accord.

MP William Shepherd had close link to M15 and that he should know everything about the goings on in Wards flat. I objected to the immoral behaviors of half a dozen minister in Macmillan's government, as well as homosexuality and a minister involved with young boys.

1962Rachman died of a heart attack, Mandie suffered real grief and then discovered that Audrey had only been Married to Rachman for 2 years.

Wards introductions had set Maureen on the road to stardom.

The Russians decided to return Ivanov home and left without even saying good bye.

1963 started with what was known as the Profumo Affair. Ward was getting tired of Christine's coming and going, but the press were becoming interested in her. She gave a letter from Profumo to the Sunday  for 1000pounds, she had slept with him at the same time sleeping with Ivanov. She was approached to cancel the contract about the letter but she wanted compensation for this. Now stories of sex orgies at Cliveden, that Wards was a bad influence on young girls as he picked them up and dropped them. He was a procurer of women for gentlemen in high places.

By now the MI5 felt the Profumo case like that of Ivanov was closed and did not want to be involved.

Edgecombe trial  Edgecombe confronted Gordon with a knife in the Flamenco club on 27 October 1962, and Gordon required 17 stitches in the face.  Edgecombe took a taxi to the Marylebone home of osteopath Ward where Keeler was in hiding along with friend Mandy. When she refused to come out, he fired at least five shots at the front door with a semi-automatic pistol in an unsuccessful attempt to shoot out the lock on the door. He fled from the scene before the police arrived, but was arrested later that evening. Christine was supposed to give evidence but did not arrive at court with Keeler's non-appearance at his trial at the Old Bailey in March 1963 finally giving the British press the excuse it needed to publish the story. Edgecombe had to be acquitted but was convicted of possessing a firearm with the intention to endanger life. Christine on an impulsive moment left for Spain.

2 journalist Foster and Mulholland were jailed for refusing to reveal thier sources to the Vassail Tribune, it was argued that they were right to defy the law.  Richard Crossman and George Wigg from the Labour Party claimed that the Paris Press had by now probably published the whole story, even Barbra Castle now decided that Labour could not neglect the issue. Profumo said my wife and I had an open invitation to visit Ward hinting he was not there alone. But to explain his acquaintances with a 21 year old girl? Christine was portrayed as a sex goddess.

Ivanov a junior naval officer that drove expensive sports cars and wore Savile Row suits was frequently in West End night clubs. Ward could not be charged under the Official Secrets Act. Civil servants wanted to find something to charge Ward on  and convinced Christine that Wards carefree attitude to life was sinister. Ward would be charged on procuring and living on the immoral earnings of taking a sizable amount of prostitutes'. He used girls to gain influence with people in power.

The police started questioning his patients and they began cancelling appointments.  When Lord Astor returned from the US he was thoroughly questioned by Herbert so he asked Ward to vacate his cottage at Cliveden. Mandy refused to cooperate in evidence against Ward but they took away her passport.

Lucky Gordon was charged of assaulting Christine. If he helped with a statement that could help convict Ward the police would drop the charges. At this stage all Fleet Street editors believed the rumours about Profumo were true. Profumo tendered his resignation. The PM Harold Macmillan was fighting for his political life.

News of the world paid 24,000 pounds for Confessions of Christine. Sunday Mirror published Profunos letter to Christine.

1963 June Kim Philby disappeared from Beirut , after being a KGB mole for 30 years reappeared in Moscow, but the full Philby story only appeared in 1967

Macmillan slogan "We've never had it so good" became " We've never had it so often " By John Kennedy visiting British it gave Macmillan a reprieve of 24 hours.

Astor, Wards oldest friend was not going to give evidence on Wards behalf the others would decline.

1963 June at the Old Bailey was to be the Trial of the Century. The judge was the type who personally felt an moral indignation at the lifestyle Ward adopted.

Griffith Jones had been a morally outraged prosecutor at the "Lady Chatterley's Lover" trial.

The trial could have been at a magistrates court by Wards lawyer advised a jury court. The prosecutor painted a picture of Ward as a sexual reprobate, that Ward went for sexual foursomes. There was nothing for the police to lie about when the witnesses were lying.

Christine had lied at the Gordon trial so her evidence at the Ward trial was now suspect and she was sentence to 9 month imprisonment for perjury.  If Ward was convicted the press would be free to print stories that otherwise might be libel.

When Mandy was asked in court about lord Bill Astor's denial that he had sex with her, she replied "he would say that wouldn't he" implying that rich and powerful men are all liars. This caught the nations mood.

3 American friend each sent Ward $1000 but would not be prepared to be questioned by Griffith Jones on the sexual preferences. With the prosecutions last word Ward left the old Bailey with his girlfriend Julie Gulliver and swallowed  enough Nembutal to kill a horse.  All the writers, playwrights  who had stood ball for Ward sent a card to the funeral saying To Stephen Ward Victim of Hypocrisy.

Meanwhile a well dressed man walked into Bloomsbury Art Gallery where Wards drawing were on display and spent £11,517 on every drawing of the Royal Family. This would have left Wards very well off. What started as a national scandal turned into one man wickedness.

The purpose of the Denning report was to end the Profumo affair, it did not succeed. Vickie Barette said "it was all lies, but I never thought he would die" The jury was left with the impression that Wards account that he worked for MI5 was just one of his fantasies.  Mr. Woods could not be called as a witness as this was  just a cover name.  Ward was neither a pimp nor a ponce at worst He procured girls to maintain his social position.

Judge Marshall did not arrive at the Ward trial by rota but was handpicked for the position to find Ward guilty.

Although Macmillan abolished hereditary peerage he made an exception for himself and family. He died in 1989 aged 92.

1966 Mandy  married an Israeli and divorced him in 1977. In Israel she made a career as a night club owner. Her autobiography came out in 1989.  Lord Astor went into depression a few month after Wards death, all his friends deserted him and he died friendless in 1966

2013 Geoffrey Robetson QC examined the document and declared that the crimes Ward was accused of were entirely fabricated by the police under the Macmillan government.